陕北煤炭基地榆神矿区生态系统弹性力时空演变分析

Abstract

陕北榆神矿区是我国重要的煤炭生产基地，生态环境脆弱，分析煤炭开采对该区域生态系统稳定性的影响对矿区生态修复具有重要意义。以榆神矿区所在流域为研究对象，基于近10年土地利用确定了工矿活动直接和间接影响区的时空演变特征，通过建立生态弹性力指标体系，结合空间主成分分析法综合评估了工矿活动对矿区生态系统弹性力的影响。结果表明：（1）近10年研究区生态环境明显改善，林地草地面积明显增加，但是煤炭开发用地也大幅增加，从8.4 km²增加至14.2 km²；（2）榆神矿区生态系统弹性力主要受植被覆盖度和地下径流量的影响，2009-2015年，煤炭开发直接影响区和间接影响区生态弹性力呈下降趋势，相比之下，2018年煤炭开发不同影响区生态弹性力明显增加；（3）煤炭开采活动引发的地质环境问题致使矿区生态环境退化，导致煤炭开发直接影响区生态弹性力低于间接影响区，平均低9.23%，因此及时采取修复治理措施降低煤炭开发引起的地质环境问题对改善矿区生态环境至关重要。研究结果可为榆神矿区的生态保护管理与健康可持续发展提供决策参考。;The Yushen mining area in northern Shaanxi is an important coal production base in China with a fragile ecological environment. It is of great significance to analyze the influence of coal mining on the stability of the regional ecosystem for the ecological restoration of the mining area. This study takes the watershed where Yushen mining area is located as the study area. Based on the distribution pattern of land use in the past 10 years, the direct and indirect influenced areas of industrial and mining activities have been determined, and the evolution characteristics of different impact areas of coal mining activities have been analyzed. By selecting the key indicators of the ecological environment in the study area, establishing an ecological elasticity index system, combined with the spatial principal component analysis method, comprehensively evaluates the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the ecological system elasticity in the study area, and analyzes the impact of industrial and mining activities on the ecological system elasticity in the study area. The results show that (1) the spatial pattern of land use in the study area has undergone great changes in the past 10 years, the ecological environment has improved significantly, and the city has undergone further expansion. Among them, the area of forestland and grassland has increased significantly, and the industrial and mining land has increased from 8.4 km² to 14.2 km². (2) The resilience of the ecosystem in the study area showed an increasing trend as a whole, but the local fluctuations were large, mainly affected by the two indicators of vegetation coverage and groundwater runoff. From 2009 to 2015, the ecological resilience of the areas directly and indirectly affected by coal development showed a decreasing trend. In comparison, the ecological resilience of different areas affected by coal development increased significantly in 2018. (3) The geological environmental problems caused by coal mining activities have degraded the ecological environment of the mining area, resulting in the ecological resilience of the areas directly influenced by coal development being lower than that of the indirect influenced areas, with an average of 9.23% lower. Therefore, timely restoration and control measures to reduce the geological environmental problems caused by coal development are of vital importance to improve the ecological environment of the mining area. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for optimizing the ecological pattern of the mining area, as well as the ecological protection management and healthy and sustainable development of the mining area.