机场鸟击防治的景观生态学途径

Abstract

鸟击事件是全球范围的航空难题。随着我国生态环境的改善和航班量的增多，近年来鸟击事件逐年增加。科学快速的识别机场周围高危鸟类防治的关键区域，合理使用景观生态学途径来布局与规划鸟击防治手段是机场鸟击研究的空白点。对华北地区某机场的鸟情和生态环境开展调研，得到该机场及其周边地区的3种高危鸟类分布规律。通过构建高危鸟类的生态安全格局，并结合分区域防治的思路，最终得到该机场高危鸟类防治生态安全格局。从而识别出需要驱赶、防范与引诱的斑块、廊道与战略点，进而采取排斥力与吸引力结合的双向驱鸟策略。研究结果表明：（1）该机场8 km范围内鹭科类分布较多，廊道密集；雁鸭类与鸥科类栖息地较少但仍有廊道穿场。应对该范围内林地、水域等环境进行整修与清理，减少鹭科类的栖息地，切断高危鸟类飞行廊道。（2）该机场8-15 km范围内应重点做好雁鸭类的防护，及时切断雁鸭类向8 km范围内飞行的廊道。加强保护和改造连接15 km范围外的鸟类飞行廊道。（3）该机场15-20 km范围内应增加鸟类吸引力，打造连续的保护战略点，从而形成环状飞行廊道，将高危鸟类控制在安全范围内。;The bird strike is a global aviation problem. With the improvement of ecological environment and increase in the number of flights, bird strikes have increased year by year. Scientific and rapid identification of the key areas for high-risk bird control around the airport, and the rational use of landscape ecology to lay out and plan bird strike control methods are blank points in airport bird strike research. In this study, taking an airport in north China as an example, the distribution patterns of three high-risk birds around the airport were obtained through bird situation and ecological environment investigation. By constructing the ecological safety pattern of high-risk birds and combining the ideas of regional prevention and control, we finally got the ecological security pattern of the prevention and control of high-risk birds in the airport. In this way, the patches, corridors and strategic points that need to be driven, guarded and lured were identified, and then a two-way bird repelling strategy combining thrust and gravity was adopted. The results showed that: (1) within 8 km of the the airport, there were more herons and dense corridors. Though anser and gulls had less habitat, there were still corridors crossing the field. The woodland and water area within this scope should be controlled to cut down habitats of heron and flight corridors for high-risk birds. (2) Within 8-15 km of the airport, the protection of ancestral ducks should be focused on, and the corridors for the flight of ancestral ducks to 8 kilometers should be cut off in time, strengthening the protection and transformation of the bird flight corridors that connect 15 kilometers range. (3) The attraction of birds should be increased within 15-20 km of the airport, and a continuous protection strategy point and stepping stones for bird flight should be created to form a circular flight corridor, which keep high-risk birds within a safe range.