国家重点生态功能区转移支付改善县域生态环境质量效应评估

Abstract

国家重点生态功能区转移支付已成为中国乃至全球最大的政府生态保护补偿项目，其资金使用对地方生态环境保护的作用尤为值得关注。为解决既有研究在研究对象和数据采用上的不足，基于包含全国区县、省级和陕西县域等多尺度数据，采用分组平均值及其变化率、统计相关性检验等评估方法，通过不同批次享受政策的县域及不同生态功能区类型县域的对比，对国家重点生态功能区转移支付在自然生态、大气、水环境3个方面的生态环境效益进行了多维度评估。研究结果表明：（1）2011-2017年，转移支付县域在生态质量上趋于稳定，部分生态类型特征的指标有向好趋势，案例和省级分析表明，转移支付与湿地覆盖率存在显著的正相关，该政策对县域生态质量的稳定和提升起到了一定积极作用。（2）2015-2018年，转移支付政策县域PM_2.5、SO₂、NO₂平均浓度均呈下降趋势，大气环境改善较为显著，其中PM_2.5浓度下降尤为明显且在防风固沙型生态功能区县域降幅最大。NO₂浓度的下降幅度较小。（3）转移支付县域的水环境各项指标在2012-2018年波动较大，总体看水环境质量有轻微改善，不同时间享受政策县域的改善效果有所差异，2016年新增的政策县域水环境质量改善更为显著。评估结论表明，国家重点生态功能区转移支付对县域生态环境质量产生了一定积极影响，其中对大气环境质量改善最为明显，对生态和水质的改善存在较大提升空间。;The transfer payment to national key ecological function areas has become the largest ecological protection compensation project from the government level in China and even the world. The effect of its use of funds on local ecological and environmental protection particularly should be given more attention and stress. To solve the deficiencies of existing relevant research in research objects and data, this research was based on the multi-scale data that contains district and county data, provincial data, and the data from case city Shaanxi. By adopting the evaluation method of intuitive level value and its rate of change, statistical correlation test, and comparing counties which differ in batches of policies and types of ecological function zone, this research made a multi-dimensional assessment of the eco-environmental benefits of the transfer payment policy for national key ecological function areas, from the three aspects of natural ecological environment, atmospheric environment, and water environment. The research results showed that: (1) the ecological environment quality of counties that enjoy transfer payment was basically stable from 2011 to 2017, and some indicators of ecological characteristics showed a positive trend. Case analysis and provincial analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between transfer payment and wetland coverage. The transfer payment policy for key ecological function areas has played a positive role in stabilizing and improving the ecological quality of counties. (2) From 2015 to 2018, the average concentration of PM_2.5, SO₂, and NO₂ in the counties that enjoy transfer payment policy showed a downward trend, and the improvement of atmospheric environment was significant. Among them, the decrease of PM_2.5 concentration was particularly obvious and the decrease was the largest in counties in the wind-proof and sand-fixing ecological function areas. Relatively, the decrease of NO₂ concentration was small. Therefore, further efforts should be made to reduce the concentration of NO₂. (3) The indicators of water environment in counties given transfer payment fluctuated greatly from 2012 to 2018. Overall, the water environment quality generally improved slightly. The environmental quality of the counties which were added in 2016 showed a more significant improvement. The evaluation conclusions of this research showed that transfer payment to key national ecological function areas have had a positive impact on the county's ecological environment quality, with the most obvious improvement in the quality of atmospheric environment, while there is a room for further improvement in the improvement of ecology and water quality.