中国大陆沿海水鸟栖息地保护优先区及空缺分析

Abstract

中国大陆沿海湿地是东亚-澳大利西亚候鸟迁徙的重要停歇地，自然湿地丧失与退化已经严重威胁到水鸟生物多样性的稳定性，急需开展物种及其栖息地的保护工作。识别中国大陆沿海水鸟保护优先区，针对保护优先区进行保护优先等级划分，确定目前尚存的保护空缺，是针对性开展水鸟栖息地保护的前提。以中国大陆沿海11省、自治区、直辖市沿岸湿地为研究区，整合鸟类网站、水鸟调查报告和文献中的水鸟调查数据，采用热点分析方法，确定水鸟保护优先区，将每个地块上满足水鸟保护优先区识别标准的物种数量占所有地块中满足标准的物种数量最大值的比例划分成0.5 ≤ P_i ≤ 1、0.25 ≤ P_i < 0.5、0 < P_i < 0.25三个区间，确定对应的I类、II类和III类水鸟保护优先区保护优先等级；结合国家自然保护地名录，确定水鸟保护优先区保护空缺。结果显示：共有65块中国大陆沿海水鸟保护优先区，记录到满足热点分析标准的水鸟物种共76种，其中受胁物种18种。水鸟保护优先区保护优先等级属于I、II、III类的分别有8块、10块、47块，且水鸟保护优先区保护优先等级属于I、II类的地块集中分布在上海以北的区域，水鸟保护优先区保护优先等级属于III类的地块主要分布在上海以南的区域。38块水鸟保护优先区存在保护空缺，占总数的58.46%，这些保护空缺地中保护优先等级属于I类和II类的地块共6块，建议针对这些地块单独建立保护机构或纳入现有周边的保护体系中。;Coastal wetlands in mainland China are home to rich fishery resources, mangroves and seagrass beds. They are recognized as key part of global biodiversity, providing natural eco-safety barrier for the development of economically developed coastal regions in China. They are not only known as precious natural resources, but also key components of a biotic community of mountains, rivers, forests, cropland, lakes and grasslands for their important ecological functions and values. These wetlands provide important stopover sites for migratory waterbirds along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway (EAAF), supporting millions of migratory waterbirds of international importance along the EAAF. Since 1960, large areas of natural landscapes in mainland China's coastal zones have lost as a result of rapid economic development activities, such as over-exploitation of natural resources and land reclamation for construction and farmland. These activities have led to a dramatic decline in waterbird populations in the area, and the loss and degradation of natural wetlands have threatened the stability of species and population of waterbirds. For this reason, it is necessary to protect waterbirds species and their habitats. Identifying conservation priority sites, conservation priority levels and gaps for the migratory waterbirds are important preconditions for targeted habitat conservation. Integrated survey data were derived from birding websites, survey reports of waterbirds and published literature along the 11 provinces/municipalities in China. Then we used hot-spot analysis to identify conservation priority sites of the waterbirds. We also calculated the proportion of the species number of conservation gap sites to the maximum species number, and divided these proportions into three conservation priority levels (0.5 ≤ P_i ≤ 1, I; 0.25 ≤ P_i < 0.5, II; and 0 < P_i < 0.25, III). Based on the list of national natural protected areas, we defined the conservation gap of waterbirds. The results showed 65 conservation priority sites were identified along coastal wetlands in mainland China, and 76 species (including 18 threatened species) meeting the criterion of hot-spot analysis were recorded in these sites. The conservation priority levels of these sites belong to Levels I, II and III, which had 8 sites, 10 sites and 47 sites, respectively. The sites with conservation priority levels of I and II are mainly distributed in the north of Shanghai, while the sites with conservation priority Level III mainly occur in the south of Shanghai. 38 sites are yet to be put under protection, accounting for 58.46 percent of the total number of conservation priority sites, in which six sites belong to the conservation priority levels of I and II. To address this problem, we recommend that new protected areas should be established for the conservation gap sites with the conservation priority levels I and II, and be incorporated into the existing network of protected areas.