森林管理的生态效应研究进展

Abstract

森林管理是实现森林生产效益最大化的主要措施，是增加碳吸收以减缓气候变暖的关键手段，是调节区域水文循环的有效途径，是保护地以外实现生物多样性保护目标的重要补充。然而，追求单一生产功能的传统森林管理弱化了其他生态功能，并对森林景观结构和生物多样性产生负面影响。全球80%以上森林由于人类活动呈现不同程度退化进而影响人类福祉，森林管理需要优化以追求多维生态功能的协同共赢。当前，对于森林管理的生态效应仍有较多争论或未形成明确认识，可持续森林管理能否取得额外的气候效益仍有待确认，森林管理如何影响不同区域的水文生态功能仍未形成明确认识，不同类型森林管理或多或少、或正面或负面影响栖息地及不同种类生物多样性的强度和方向不明确。因此，森林管理的生态效应是一个值得深入探索的问题，未来需要深入量化不同管理措施对气候变化缓解、水文循环调节、生物多样性保护乃至提供其他生态功能的作用，将维持或提升生态功能及生物多样性作为可持续森林管理的一个重要目标，通过优化森林管理策略开展森林提质增效以获得最大收益。;Forest management is considered to be the main measurement to maximize the benefit of forest commodity production, and the key method to increase carbon absorption to mitigat climate warming. It is also the effective way to regulate regional hydrological cycle, and the important supplement to achieve the goal of global biodiversity conservation besides the protected areas. However, the traditional forest management, which pursues a single production function, weakens other ecosystem functions and services, and has negative impacts on the forest landscape and biodiversity. More than 80% of the world's forests have different degrees of degradation due to human activities, and thus affects human well-beings. Therefore, it is necessary to transfer from traditional forest management to optimizing forest management. The optimizing forest management can promote multi-dimensional functions of ecological, economic, social and cultural aspects, and can achieve the win-win goals of wood production, biodiversity conservation, climate mitigation, hydrological regulation and other ecosystem functions. In this paper, we briefly reviewed the research progress on the ecological effects of forest management. At present, there are still many controversies about the ecological effects of forest management, or have not formed a clear understanding. Whether sustainable forest management can achieve additional climate benefits, and whether it can achieve climate mitigation goals, remains to be confirmed. How forest management impacts runoff and water quality in different regions has not been clearly recognized, which is an important issue worthy of in-depth and comprehensive analysis. Furthermore, the more or less intensity, and positive or negative impacts from different types of forest management on habitat and biodiversity are unclear. It is necessary to quantify the impacts of different management measurements on the forest animals, plants and microorganisms, and to maintain or improve biodiversity as an important goal of sustainable forest management. Therefore, how to optimize the forest management to obtain the maximum benefits is a research focus worthy of further exploration. In the future, it is necessary to quantify the effects of different forest management measurements on climate change mitigation, hydrological regulation, biodiversity conservation, and other ecosystem functions.