Abstract
<p id=C2>Future self-continuity refers to the degree of perceived connectedness between one’s present self and future self. A large body of research has demonstrated the significant role of future self-continuity in influencing temporal decision making, saving and consuming behaviors, academic achievements, social behaviors and exercise behavior. Future research may examine the neural basis of future self-continuity, explore its factors, and expand its potential applications.
Highlights
Future self-continuity refers to the degree of perceived connectedness
A large body of research has demonstrated the significant role of future self-continuity in influencing temporal decision making
Future research may examine the neural basis of future self-continuity
Summary
A 之父威廉·詹姆斯(William James)。在他的名著《心 ic 理学原理》中, 詹姆斯将自我分成主体我(I)和客 log 体 我 (me), 进而又将客体我分为物质自我o (material self)、社会自我(social self)和精神自我 h (spiritual self)。此后的一个多世纪, 心理学家从不 yc 同的视角对自我进行了进一步的区分和大量的研 s 究, 比 如 :真 实 自我 (true self)和 虚 假 自我 (false P self) (Winnicott, 1965); 现实自我(actual self)和理 in 想 自 我 (ideal self) (Rogers, 1961); 个体自我s (individual self)、关系自我(relational self)和集体 ce 自我(collective self) (Sedikides & Brewer, 2002); n独立的我 (independent self) 和相依的我a (interdependent self) (Markus & Kitayama,1991); dv 外 显自 我 (explicit self)和内 隐 自我 (implicit self) A (Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998)等等。其 2001)。近年来, 这种基于时间维度区分的自我得 到了研究者越来越多的关注。例如, 研究者们发 现个体对未来自我的加工不同于现在自我, 对未 来自我的加工属于抽象的、高层次的加工; 而对 现在自我的加工属于具体的、低层次的加工(Wakslak, Nussbaum, Liberman, & Trope 2008; Liberman & Trope, 2014; Trope & Liberman, 2003)。Hershfield 及其团队则指出个体倾向于将未来自我加工成与 现在自我关系不大的陌生人, 在加工未来自我时 激活的脑区也与现在自我不同 (Hershfield, Wimmer, & Knutson, 2009)。虽然个体对不同时间 维度上自我的加工存在差异, 但是将未来自我看 作是现在自我在时间维度上的连续对个体具有重 要的意义。研究者们发现个体对其现在自我与未 来自我之间的连续和一致程度(即未来自我连续 性, future self-continuity)的认识对个体与时间维 度有关的决策行为 Discounting, Hershfield et al, 2009b)、学业成就方 面(Adelman et al, 2016)、社会行为(如不道德行为, 和未来自我(future self) (Parfit, 1971; Welch-Ross, Hershfield et al, 2012; Sheldon, & Fishbach, 2015)
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