我国大型煤炭基地建设的生态恢复技术研究综述

Abstract

煤炭能源是我国的主体能源，在我国经济社会发展中具有重要的战略地位。煤炭工业是关系我国经济发展和能源供应安全的重要基础产业。由于受传统发展观的影响，煤炭工业一直存在生产粗放、安全事故频发、资源浪费严重、环境治理和管理滞后等问题。我国大型煤炭基地的建设对提高煤炭供应保障能力起到了关键支撑作用。因此，从区域可持续发展的角度出发，加强矿区的生态恢复，深化煤炭资源的开发利用和环境保护，对促进国家和区域生态环境与社会经济的可持续发展，构建和谐矿区，确保区域乃至全国的生态安全特别是能源安全具有重要的意义。介绍了国家大型煤炭基地的发展历程、分布和开发现状，以及煤炭开采利用带来的一系列生态环境问题，重点阐述了当前我国煤炭基地建设的关键生态恢复技术体系，并从生态恢复与环境管理的角度提出我国大型煤炭基地的可持续发展建议。;Coal is the main source of energy in China and has a crucial strategic position in the economic and social development of the country. The coal industry, as an important basic industry, affects the economic development of China, and the construction of large coal bases has played a major supporting role in improving the security of China's coal supply. Traditional coal industry development have resulted in numerous problems and raised issues that demand attention, including over-extended production, frequent accidents and other safety concerns, serious depletion of resources, environmental degradation, pollution, and inadequate environmental management training. The coal industry significantly promotes national and regional ecological and socio-economic sustainable development through the creation and management of attractive and healthy mining areas, and by ensuring regional and national ecological capacity to strengthen mine ecological restoration. This then helps to extract and use coal resources while concomitantly promoting environmental protection. The conceptual framework of large-scale, coal base construction is essentially as follows: (1) a mining area is developed by a business entity that promotes annexation and reorganization of allied enterprises; (2) a large-scale coal enterprise group is established as the main development body; and (3) the integration of upstream and downstream industrial development is encouraged, with the aim to nurture, develop and maintain the industry through a focus on circular economic development. This study briefly outlines the development processes of 14 large coal bases from the 1950s, and based on the resource conditions, development status and location aspects, these large coal bases were examined under six themes: key construction, strength and growth, control and growth, coal-electricity integration, dramatic improvement, and orderly growth. We present a series of ecological problems that were brought about by coal extraction, including surface subsidence, soil salinization, vegetation degradation, groundwater pollution, groundwater recession, and emissions from coal exploitation. As a result of land degradation, structural ecological defects and other issues caused by coal base operations, major integrated technology systems are required to promote ecological restoration on large coal bases. The goal is to recover and improve the function of the ecosystem by using measures such as comprehensive technology and engineering and biological intervention. Traditional mining methods have been based on principles of exploitation first and control after or exploitation only without control. This has been harmful to the function and subsequent restoration of the ecosystems of large coal bases. Therefore, ecological restoration should accompany the entire process of coal mining, with tracking and restoration during coal mine setup, construction and operation periods, through to the mining area governance period. From the perspective of ecological restoration and environmental management, this paper expounds key ecological restoration technology systems, including land reclamation technologies (engineering reclamation and biological reclamation), surface water repair methodologies, groundwater remediation practices, and atmospheric environmental recovery techniques. Finally, this paper puts forward recommendations under six themes for achieving coordinated and sustainable development of large coal bases in China.