Abstract
Objectives: To understand the status and the practical needs of the job burnout of anesthesiologists, and to analyze the main influence factors of it . Methods: Choosing CMBI as the main scale, to survey 337 anesthesiologists of 43 3A-grade or 2A-grade hospitals in Jiangsu, and to draw conclusions through the SPSS statistical analysis and literature research. Results: Female anesthesiologists are more highly depleted and an anesthesiologist, 40-49 years old, married, with a M.D.’s degree or in a senior professional title is at a high level of the job burnout. Job stress, health condition, monthly income, work experience and age influence the emotional exhaustion, with extra working hours, health condition, promotion opportunities, support from relatives and friends, hospital violence and night duties influencing the personal efficacy. Conclusions: Most of anesthesiologists in China are at mild or moderate level of the job burnout, which can be reduced by increasing opportunities for promotion and relieving working stress.
Highlights
Choosing CMBI as the main scale
in a senior professional title is at a high level of the job burnout
which can be reduced by increasing opportunities for promotion
Summary
【摘要】目的 了解麻醉科医生工作倦怠方面研究现状及现实需要,分析麻醉科医生工作倦怠主要影响因素。方法 选择工 作倦怠量表 CMBI 为主量表,结合文献研究,对江苏省 43 家三级与二级医院中 337 名麻醉科医生进行调查,并通过 SPSS 统计分析得出结论。结果 女性麻醉科医生耗竭程度较高,40~49 岁、已婚、博士学位或高级职称麻醉科医生都有较高工作 倦怠水平;耗竭维度影响因素为工作压力、健康状况、月均收入、工作年限及年龄,成就感降低维度影响因素为加班情 况、健康状况、迁升机会、亲友支持、医院暴力及夜班情况。结论 国内医护人员中大部分都存在轻中程度工作倦怠,可通 过增加迁升机会及缓解工作压力等减轻工作倦怠。 工作倦怠(Job Burnout)最早由美国精神分析学家 Freudenberger 于 1947 年提出,用以描述在工作重 压下一种身心疲惫的状态、厌倦工作的感受,是一种身心能量被工作耗尽的感觉,可表现为身体疲劳、情 绪低落、创造力衰竭、价值感降低,工作上消极状态还会进而影响整个生活状态[1]。 1981 年 Maslach 和 Jackson 从心理社会角度来探讨工作中情感压力和工作环境与工作倦怠关系,提出 工作倦怠多维概念,即情感耗竭(Emotional Exhaustion)、非人性化(Depersonalization,有译为人格解 体)、个人无效能感(Ineffectiveness)。情感耗竭反映了工作倦怠压力维度,描述了个体感到自己有效身 心资源过度透支,表现出没有精力、过度疲劳等现象;非人性化反映了工作倦怠人际交往维度,描述了个 体以一种负性的、冷漠的或是极端逃避的态度去面对服务对象或工作,表现出易怒、消极、缺乏情感投入 等现象;个人无效能感反映了工作倦怠感自我评价维度,描述了个体感到无能、工作没有成效,表现出士 气低下、缺乏成就感等现象[2]。1996 年 Maslach 等[3]基于上述研究构建了 Maslach 工作倦怠量表 MBI (Maslach Burnout Inventory),并多次修订,最终形成 MBI-GS(General Survey)、MBI-HSS(Human ServicesSurvey)及 MBI-ES(EducatorsSurvey)3 个版本。MBI 目前被称为是测量工作倦怠“黄金准 则”。1998 年 Schaufeli 和 Enzmann 统计分析表明,在已发表关于工作倦怠实证研究中,90%以上期刊论 文和研究报告都采用 MBI 作为工作倦怠测量工具[4]。 国内近几年来也开始有此方面研究。2003 年李超平等[5]对 MBI-HSS 进行中文翻译并进行信度与效度 评价,将 MBI 首次运用到国内医护人员调查中。2005 年李永鑫[6]参考 MBI-GS 和 BM,在此基础上结合研 究需要,编制了适用于中国文化背景下工作倦怠量表 CMBI(Chinese Maslach Burnout Inventory),同时 进行了信度与效度检验。
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