Abstract
The present experimental study was conducted for the assessment of the efficacy of in vitro inhibition of myrrh oil on the propagation of Babesia bovis, B. divergens, B. bigemina, Theileria equi, and B. caballi and in vivo efficacy on B. microti in mice through fluorescence assay based on SYBR green I. The culture of B. divergens B. bovis and was used to evaluate the in vitro possible interaction between myrrh oil and other commercial compound, such as pyronaridine tetraphosphate (PYR), diminazene aceturate (DA), or luteolin. Nested-polymerase chain reaction protocol using primers of the small-subunit rRNA of B. microti was employed to detect any remnants of DNA for studied parasitic species either in blood or tissues. Results elucidated that; Myrrh oil significantly inhibit the growth at 1% of parasitic blood level for all bovine and equine piroplasm under the study. Parasitic regrowth was inhibited subsequently by viability test at 2 µg/mL for B. bigemina and B. bovis, and there was a significant improvement in the in vitro growth inhibition by myrrh oil when combined with DA, PYR, and luteolin. At the same time; mice treated with a combination of myrrh oil/DA showed a higher inhibition in emitted fluorescence signals than the group that challenged with 25 mg/kg of diminazene aceturate at 10 and 12 days post-infection. In conclusion, this study has recommended the myrrh oil to treat animal piroplasmosis, especially in combination with low doses of DA.
Highlights
Babesia and Theileria are tick-borne protozoal parasites which infect the erythrocytes of domesticated animals, and it is incriminated in producing significantly high economic losses in the livestock industry and animal trade all over the world [1]
Babesia parasites (Table 1), and the myrrh oil IC50 values to T. equi was similar to diminazene aceturate (DA) IC50 values (Table 1). 1 μg/mL myrrh oil significantly inhibits the in vitro growth of Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis, B. caballi, and T. equi (P < 0.05) (Figure 1), but on the contrary, significantly inhibited B. divergens in vitro growth (P < 0.05) at 10 μg/mL (Figure 1)
For regrowth assay; it was noted that Babesia divergens, T. equi and Babesia caballi were inhibited by viability test with 10 μg/mL (Table 2), and treatment of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina on the culture at 2 μg/mL myrrh oil prevented parasite regrowth (Table 2)
Summary
Babesia and Theileria are tick-borne protozoal parasites which infect the erythrocytes of domesticated animals, and it is incriminated in producing significantly high economic losses in the livestock industry and animal trade all over the world [1]. B. divergens Babesia bovis, and Babesia bigemina were considered the main causative agents of babesiosis in cattle, that provoking a huge loss on the animal health and productivity [2]. The discovery of alternatives that have more significant efficacy and safe anti-piroplasm agents is mandatory. In this attitude, using herbal therapies or compounds that extracted from the natural products might be an alternative strategy, such as the herb myrrh (Commiphora molmol), which has shown several clinical benefits, that is mainly attributed to its oil [6]. Myrrh oil has anti-inflammatory [7], analgesic [8], antischistosomal [9], fasciolicidal [10], antimoniezia [11], molluscicidal [12], acaricidal [13], mosquitocidal [14], antigiardial [15], anticoccidial [16] activities
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