Abstract
ABSTRACTObjective: To present the current state of knowledge of myofascial pain syndrome [MPS] and to point the direction for new research.Findings: MPS was first defined clinically by Janet Travell, MD, and later by David Simons, MD. Pain neurophysiology has only recently provided the basis for understanding the sensorimotor manifestations of MPS. This article reviews the current state of knowledge concerning MPS. MPS is a form of myalgia characterized by local regions of muscle hardness and tenderness that cause referred pain. The signature feature is the trigger point, a tender, taut band of muscle that can be painful spontaneously or when stimulated. The active trigger point has identifiable pathophysiologic changes. Levels of substance P, calcitonin gene related peptide, bradykinin, and assorted cytokines, are elevated, indicating a chemical inflammation. Trigger point milieu pH is low, about pH 5, consistent with hypoxia and ischemia. Persistent, low-amplitude, high-frequency electrical discharges t...
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