Myocyte Damage and Loss of Myofibers is the Potential Mechanism of Iron Overload Toxicity in Congestive Cardiac Failure in Thalassemia. Complete Reversal of the Cardiomyopathy and Normalization of Iron Load by Deferiprone

Abstract

Cardiac damage caused by iron overload toxicity is the main cause of death in thalassemia patients. Biopsy samples of poorly chelated thalassemia patients who suffered congestive cardiac failure (CCF) show extensive iron deposition in the myocardium. In one patient who survived CCF, a cardiac biopsy was performed during the removal of a thrombus caused by a port-a-cath, which was used for the administration of intravenous (iv) deferoxamine (DFO). Ultrastructural pathology studies of the cardiac biopsy indicated extensive iron deposition in myocytes with accumulation of iron mainly in lysosomes, leading in some cases to their disruption. Damage to other intracellular components of the myocytes and loss of myofibers was also observed. The patient became intolerant to iv and subcutaneous (sc) DFO 2 years after the CCF, and was then treated with deferiprone (L1) for 7 years. Within 1 year of L1 treatment at 75–80 mg/kg/day, serum ferritin levels were reduced to <0.45 mg/L and she became asymptomatic, needing no further drugs for her cardiomyopathy. Lowering the L1 dose to 50–70 mg/kg/day caused an increase in serum ferritin levels. Maintenance of normal iron stores during the last 3 years as detected by cardiac and liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2 and T2* and normalization of serum ferritin levels (<0.15 mg/L) was observed following L1 therapy at 80–85 mg/kg/day. Deferiprone (>80 mg/kg/day) appears to be effective in the rapid clearance of cardiac iron, in the reversal of iron overload related cardiomyopathy, in the maintenance of normal iron stores and the overall long-term survival of thalassemia patients.