Myocardial Strain Measured by Epicardial Transducers—Comparison Between Velocity Estimators

Abstract

This study describes results from an experimental ultrasound system with miniature transducers sutured directly onto the epicardial surface and used to measure heart contractions continuously. This system was used to find velocity distributions through the myocardium. The resulting velocities were used to track the motion of four layers at different depths through the myocardium and to find the regional strain in each of the four layers. Velocities inside the myocardium vary from the epicardial to the endocardial borders. Conventional velocity estimators based on Doppler and on time delay estimation were modified to better handle these variations. Results from four different velocity estimators were tested against a simulation model for ultrasound echoes from moving tissue and on ultrasound recordings from five animals. We observed that the tested velocity estimators were able to reproduce the myocardial velocity distributions, track the myocardial layer motion and estimate strain at different positions inside the myocardium for both simulated and real ultrasound recordings. The most accurate results were obtained when the digitized ultrasound scanlines were upsampled by a factor of 10 before applying cross-correlation to estimate time delays. A modified Doppler algorithm allowing the velocity to vary linearly with time throughout the duration of the pulse packet (constant acceleration Doppler) was found to be better at capturing rapidly changing velocities compared with conventional Doppler processing. The best results were obtained using upsamling and time delay estimation, but the long computation time required by this method may make it best suited in a laboratory setting. In a real-time system, the computationally quicker constant acceleration Doppler may be preferred.