Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most common malignancies diagnosed worldwide. The pathogenesis of CRC is complex and involves, among others, accumulation of genetic predispositions and epigenetic factors, dietary habits, alterations in gut microbiota, and lack of physical activity. A growing body of evidence suggests that immune cells play different roles in CRC, comprising both pro- and anti-tumorigenic functions. Immunosuppression observed during cancer development and progression is a result of the orchestration of many cell types, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). MDSCs, along with other cells, stimulate tumor growth, angiogenesis, and formation of metastases. This article focuses on MDSCs in relation to their role in the initiation and progression of CRC. Possible forms of immunotherapies targeting MDSCs in CRC are also discussed.
Highlights
Colorectal Cancer (CRC): Epidemiology and ImmunityAccording to the World Cancer Research Foundation, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy worldwide
An increased risk of CRC is often associated with chronic inflammation of the mucous membrane, which may lead to cell dysplasia, as was proven for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [6]
Tumor develops a variety of mechanisms to escape from immune system surveillance, including the generation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)
Summary
Colorectal Cancer (CRC): Epidemiology and ImmunityAccording to the World Cancer Research Foundation, colorectal cancer (CRC) (referring to malignancy of colon, rectum, or anus) is the third most common malignancy worldwide. Most studies point out that the suppressive role of MDSCs in cancer is associated with the activation of their two enzymes, namely inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and arginase-1 (ARG1) [20,21,22]. HIF-1α is associated with increased activity of ARG1 and iNOS in MDSCs, leading to stronger inhibition of T-cell functions [55].
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