Abstract
Mycotoxins are well-known contaminants of several food- and feedstuffs, including silage maize for dairy cattle. Climate change and year-to-year variations in climatic conditions may cause a shift in the fungal populations infecting maize, and therefore alter the mycotoxin load. In this research, 257 maize samples were taken from fields across Flanders, Belgium, over the course of three years (2016–2018) and analyzed for 22 different mycotoxins using a multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. DNA of Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum and F. verticillioides was quantified using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Multi-mycotoxin contamination occurred frequently, with 47% of samples containing five or more mycotoxins. Nivalenol (NIV) was the most prevalent mycotoxin, being present in 99% of the samples, followed by deoxynivalenol (DON) in 86% and zearalenone (ZEN) in 50% of the samples. Fumonisins (FUMs) were found in only 2% of the samples in the wet, cold year of 2016, but in 61% in the extremely hot and dry year of 2018. Positive correlations were found between DON and NIV and between F. graminearum and F. culmorum, among others. FUM concentrations were not correlated with any other mycotoxin, nor with any Fusarium sp., except F. verticillioides. These results show that changing weather conditions can influence fungal populations and the corresponding mycotoxin contamination of maize significantly, and that multi-mycotoxin contamination increases the risk of mycotoxicosis in dairy cattle.
Highlights
Ensiling forage crops is a common way of ensuring a continuous and stable supply of feed throughout the year in dairy husbandry
These results show that changing weather conditions can influence fungal populations and the corresponding mycotoxin contamination of maize significantly, and that multi-mycotoxin contamination increases the risk of mycotoxicosis in dairy cattle
Mean, median and maximum concentrations, and the numbers of samples exceeding the European regulations can be found in Table 1; Complete results per sample can be found in supplementary Table S1
Summary
Ensiling forage crops is a common way of ensuring a continuous and stable supply of feed throughout the year in dairy husbandry. These silages, mostly grass or maize [1], represent 50–80% of the diet of dairy cows during the winter [2]. In North-Western Europe, fodder maize cultivation for on-farm use is an essential part of dairy husbandry [3]. Maize silages can be contaminated with mycotoxins, secondary metabolites produced by a variety of moldy fungi. Mycotoxins can cause several acute and chronic toxic effects to humans and animals when ingested
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