Abstract
Currently beer is booming, mainly due to the steady rise of craft breweries worldwide. Previous surveys for occurrence of mycotoxins in beer, were mainly focussed on industrial produced beer. The present survey reports the presence of mycotoxins in craft beer and how this compares to industrial produced beer. More than 1000 beers were collected from 47 countries, of which 60% were craft beers. A selection of 1000 samples were screened for the presence of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins (FBs), T-2 and HT-2 toxins (T-2 and HT-2) and deoxynivalenol (DON) using a mycotoxin 6-plex immunoassay. For confirmatory analysis, a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and applied. The 6-plex screening showed discrepancies with the LC-MS/MS analysis, possibly due to matrix interference and/or the presence of unknown mycotoxin metabolites. The major mycotoxins detected were DON and its plant metabolite deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucopyranoside (D3G). The 6-plex immunoassay reported the sum of DON and D3G (DON+D3G) contaminations ranging from 10 to 475 μg/L in 406 beers, of which 73% were craft beers. The popular craft beer style imperial stout, had the highest percentage of samples suspected positive (83%) with 29% of all imperial stout beers having DON+D3G contaminations above 100 μg/L. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that industrial pale lagers from Italy and Spain, predominantly contained FBs (3–69 μg/L). Besides FBs, African traditional beers also contained aflatoxins (0.1–1.2 μg/L). The presence of OTA, T-2, HT-2, ZEN, β-zearalenol, 3/15-acetyl-DON, nivalenol and the conjugated mycotoxin zearalenone 14-sulfate were confirmed in some beers. This study shows that in 27 craft beers, DON+D3G concentrations occurred above (or at) the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI). Exceeding the TDI, may have a health impact. A better control of brewing malts for craft beer, should be put in place to circumvent this potential problem.
Highlights
Beer production and consumption is booming like never before, mainly due to the increasing popularity of craft beer
All confirmatory analyses of mycotoxins in selected beer samples were done on an AB Sciex (Nieuwerkerk a/d IJssel, the Netherlands) QTRAP 5500 tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source, operated in positive and negative multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode
The applied mycotoxin 6-plex screening method facilitated fast and easy screening of 1000 global beer samples, whilst the developed beer-dedicated Liquid Chromatography (LC)-MS/MS method proved to be very useful for quantitative confirmatory analysis
Summary
Beer production and consumption is booming like never before, mainly due to the increasing popularity of craft beer. Craft beer is produced by small, independent and traditional breweries according to the definition of the Brewers Association. The reason for the popularity of craft brewers is that they tend to focus on flavour and tradition, combined with innovation rather than on large-scale and low-cost production. This development already started with the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) in Britain, 43 years ago [3]. Some craft breweries produce similar beer styles as industrial brewers (e.g. pilsner beers). Because new styles are regularly being invented, this number will likely increase in coming years
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