Abstract
The present study aimed to identify mycotoxins in edible tissues of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). After using a non-targeted screening approach and a home-made spectral library, 233 mycotoxins were analyzed. Moreover, the occurrence of mycotoxins in fish filets was evaluated, and their potential toxicity was predicted by in silico methods. According to the obtained results, forty mycotoxins were identified in analyzed salmon samples, the predominant mycotoxins being enniatins (also rugulosin and 17 ophiobolins), commonly found in cereals and their by-products. Thus, mycotoxin carry-over can occur from feed to organs and edible tissues of cultivated fish. Moreover, the toxicity of detected mycotoxins was predicted by the in silico webserver ProTox-II, highlighting that special attention must be paid to some less reported mycotoxins due to their toxic predicted properties.
Highlights
Mycotoxins are natural contaminants commonly found in plant-derived foodstuffs, mainly cereals and their by-products
Special attention should be paid to these mycotoxins due fungal metabolite with the lowest tolerable daily intake (TDI) within the Fusarium mycotoxins [36]
It is the first time that these 40 mycotoxins have been identified and documented in farmed fish, as they had previously only been found in different cereal samples
Summary
Mycotoxins are natural contaminants commonly found in plant-derived foodstuffs, mainly cereals and their by-products. Since these raw materials are added as ingredients in feed formulation for different animal species, including cultivated fish, the risk of mycotoxin contamination in feed for aquaculture has increased, introducing contaminants (i.e., mycotoxins), which were not previously identified in fish tissues [1]. Diverse studies reported mycotoxin contents in a wide range of randomly sampled feedstuffs and raw materials intended for terrestrial animals [2,3,4,5,6,7]. It should be highlighted that mycotoxins or their metabolites can be considered an additional risk to human health, since they are part of the diet in combination with other chemical contaminants
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