Abstract
Consumption of fruit juice is becoming trendy for consumers seeking freshness and high vitamin and low caloric intake. Mycotoxigenic moulds may infect fruits during crop growth, harvest, and storage leading to mycotoxin production. Many mycotoxins are resistant to food processing, which make their presence in the final juice product very likely expected. In this way, the presence of 30 mycotoxins including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), Ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), enniatin A (ENNA), enniatin A1 (ENNA1), enniatin B (ENNB), enniatin B1 (ENNB1), beauvericin (BEA), sterigmatocystin (STG), zearalenone (ZEA), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL), β-zearalanol (β-ZAL), α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), β-zearalenol (β-ZOL), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), nivalenol (NIV), fusarenon-X (FUS-X), neosolaniol (NEO), patulin (PAT), T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin was evaluated in 80 juice samples collected from Valencia retail Market. An efficient Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction method (DLLME) was carried out before their trace level determination by chromatographic techniques coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The results obtained revealed the presence of nine mycotoxins namely AOH, AME, PAT, OTA, AFB1, AFB2, AFG2, β-ZAL, and HT2 in the analyzed samples, with incidences ranging from 3 to 29% and mean contents between 0.14 and 59.52 µg/L. Considerable percentages of TDIs were reached by children when 200 mL was considered as daily fruit juice intake.
Highlights
Fruit juices are excellent source of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, which play an important role in the prevention of heart diseases, cancer, and diabetes
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of 30 mycotoxins (AFB1, aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), AOH, alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), Ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), enniatin A (ENNA), enniatin A1 (ENNA1), enniatin B (ENNB), enniatin B1 (ENNB1), BEA, STG, ZEA, α-ZAL, β-ZAL, α-ZOL, β-ZOL, DON, 3-ADON, 15-ADON, DAS, NIV, FUS-X, NEO, PAT,T-2 and HT-2 toxins) in 80 fruit juice samples by Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction method (DLLME) and gas and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination
The method was validated in terms of recoveries, repeatability, intermediate precision, matrix effects, limits of detection (LODs), limits of quantification (LOQs) and linearity according to European Commission [17]
Summary
Fruit juices are excellent source of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, which play an important role in the prevention of heart diseases, cancer, and diabetes. The consumption of fruit juices is trendy nowadays, to meet the goals of five daily serving of fruits and vegetables. Fruit juices are mainly consumed by children and seekers of higher-quality diets due to their freshness, high vitamin content, and low caloric intake [1]. Moulds can infect agricultural crops during growth, harvest, storage, and processing. The fungal growth and the further mycotoxin production in fruits depend on various environmental factors such as moisture content, temperature and pH. Water activity of fruits boost fungal growth as many of them still tolerate the acidic pH of natural acids as citric, malic and tartaric acids [2]
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