Abstract
Worldwide mycotoxins contamination has a significant impact on animal and human health, and leads to economic losses accounted for billions of dollars annually. Since the application of pre- and post- harvest strategies, including chemical or physical removal, are not sufficiently effective, biological transformation is considered the most promising yet challenging approach to reduce mycotoxins accumulation. Although several microorganisms were reported to degrade mycotoxins, only a few enzymes have been identified, purified and characterized for this activity. This review focuses on the biotransformation of mycotoxins performed with purified enzymes isolated from bacteria, fungi and plants, whose activity was validated in in vitro and in vivo assays, including patented ones and commercial preparations. Furthermore, we will present some applications for detoxifying enzymes in food, feed, biogas and biofuel industries, describing their limitation and potentialities.
Highlights
Mycotoxins are secondary toxic metabolites produced by filamentous fungi mainly belonging to Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium genera
Within this review we gave a global view of the identified mycotoxins degrading enzyme (DE), their mechanisms, their current and possible application in food, feed, biogas and biofuel industries
We presented patented commercial preparations used by feed industries
Summary
Mycotoxins are secondary toxic metabolites produced by filamentous fungi mainly belonging to Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium genera. The economic losses associated with mycotoxin contamination in commodities account for billions of dollars annually [19] They can be categorized into direct and indirect losses: direct losses are related to lowered crop yields, reduction of animal performance and costs derived from diseases for livestock producers; indirect losses are very challenging to quantify, and are linked to the increased use of fungicide, the reduction of the marketable value of the commodities, the management, health-care, veterinary-care costs, and investments in the development of reducing strategies and in research programs. For other so-called emerging mycotoxins (e.g., enniatins, beauvericin, fusaric acid and moniliformin), whose increasing occurrence has been clearly evidenced, maximum levels have not been yet established This delay exists since certified analytical methods for their determination, complete surveys on their occurrence and defined scientific opinions on their toxic effect and health associated risks are still being developed [21,23]. We will describe enzyme potential applications and limitations in food, feed and bioenergy in compliance with the European Regulation
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