Abstract
Macroalgae belong to a diverse group of organisms that could be exploited for biomolecule application. Among the biocompounds found in this group, mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are highlighted mainly due to their photoprotection, antioxidant properties, and high photo and thermo-stability, which are attractive characteristics for the development of cosmeceutical products. Therefore, here we revise published data about MAAs, including their biosynthesis, biomass production, extraction, characterization, identification, purification, and bioactivities. MAAs can be found in many algae species, but the highest concentrations are found in red macroalgae, mainly in the order Bangiales, as Porphyra spp. In addition to the species, the content of MAAs can vary depending on environmental factors, of which solar radiation and nitrogen availability are the most influential. MAAs can confer photoprotection due to their capacity to absorb ultraviolet radiation or reduce the impact of free radicals on cells, among other properties. To extract these compounds, different approaches can be used. The efficiency of these methods can be evaluated with characterization and identification using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), associated with other apparatus such as mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Therefore, the data presented in this review allow a broad comprehension of MAAs and show perspectives for their inclusion in cosmeceutical products.
Highlights
In recent decades, macroalgae have attracted significant biotechnological interest due to their wide biochemical composition with diverse potential bioactivities [1]
Some authors reviewed the different existing novel extraction techniques that can increase the yield and reduce the time of extraction [94,95,96]; some of these could be used for mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) extraction due to the application of polar and non-toxic solvents: Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE): This method is based on the high specificity and selectivity of enzymes in aqueous solutions
The use of MAAs in cosmeceutical products is expected to increase due to their excellent properties as natural UV photoprotectors, such as high photo- and thermo-stability, and the lack of oxidant photoproducts after UV absorption
Summary
Macroalgae have attracted significant biotechnological interest due to their wide biochemical composition (e.g., polysaccharides, fatty acids, carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, or mycosporine-like amino acids) with diverse potential bioactivities (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or photoprotective activities) [1]. UV filters are normally classified as: (1) synthetic or organic, based on the capacity to absorb UVR (e.g., octocrylene, butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane, oxybenzone); and (2) physical or inorganic, which can reflect the UVR (e.g., titanium dioxide) These filters have been found in different aquatic environments [7,8,9] associated with marine organisms such as mussels, fish or mammals [10,11]. A deletion of the OMT gene (linked to the pentose phosphate pathway) in T. variabilis completely prevented shinorine synthesis, revealing that this gene product is essential to both pathways [32]. [2T,2h3Ti,s4hr1ies]v.rieevwiedwesdcreisbcersibtehse tphoesspibolsesiubsle oufsMe AofAMs aAsAbsioalosgbiicoalopghicoatol pprhootteocptorrostefoctrocross-for meccoesumtiecTcaheliuastpricepavliliceaawptipodlneicsa,ctrcioobvneesr,tihcnoegvptehorseinsdigbifltefheueresdenitoffsfetMreepAnstAosfstetahpsesbpoiofrloothcgeeiscpsa:rltophcheeosstsco:rpetrheonetiesncgtroeorefsnsfiopnreg-cofsciessmpweecicitehsurtwiecliaethlvarpenlptelvbicaioanatticobtnivosea, ccctooivmerpcionumgnptdhoseu; ndthdifesfe;frtahecnettofarssctetiopnrsvsoinflvvtehodelvipenrdothicneestsMh:etAhMAeAspcAroepedrnuoidcntugivcotitifvysi;tpye;thethchieaehsrvawervsiteihsntgrine/clgeu/vlctaunrltteuboriefotaohcfettihvbeiobcmoioammsspa;ostush;netdhesxe;tertxahtcertaifocantci,tooqnru,saqinuntavinfoitclivafietcidaotnino, cnth,hacerhaMacrtaAecrAtiezrapitzriaotdniou, nacn,tiadvnitdy; puprtiuhfirecifiahtcaiaortvnieoosntfionMfgMA/cAuAlstA;usar;enadonfdtthhteehirebiidroidmffieaffrseesrn;etnhbteiboeiaxoctartcaivtciitvtiioietnise, s(qFu(iFgaiungrtuiefrie2ca)2.t)iT.ohTneh, ceihniafnorfarocmrtmeartaizotianot/nido/andt,aaatnad useupdsueidrnifitinhcaitsthiriosenvreioevfwieMwAawAs aso;sbaotnabidtnaeitndhefdirrofdmroifmdfeirfdefeinfrfteenbretionsatecastreivcahirtcieehnseg(niFngieginsue(rsme (a2mi)n.alTiynhlGeyoGionogfoolergmSlecahStiocohlnao/rdl)aart)a usiunusgsinekgdeykinweytowhridossrrdsesuvcisehuwcahsw:aUass:VUo-sbVct-raseicnerned,eanfn,rtoainmotxiidodxiafifdnetar,enmnt,tamsceraoacarrcloghaaleegn,agpeih,npoethsoo(ptmroopatirenoclttyeiocGtniooonrgocluer lcStuchlrteou.lraer.) ThTeuhmseinomsgtokrsetylirwaebloilaredbilsnefsoiunrcmfhoaramtsi:oaUntiVwon-asscwroeabestnao,ibnatneadtiinoferxodidmfarnroetm,smearaercserhoauarclnghdaeuer,ntpadkheeorntaodkpuernoritnedgcutritohinnegoptrahscetu2plt0ausrte. yea2Tr0shy(ee2am0r0so0s(–2t20r0e02l00i–a)2.b0le20in).formation was obtained from research undertaken during the past 20 years (2000–2020)
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
