Abstract
The evidence of association between sexually transmitted infection and prostatic inflammation in human prostate cancer (PCa) is limited. Here, we sought to examine the potential association of prostatic infection with the inflammatory environment and prostate carcinogenesis. We screened surgical and biopsy specimens from 45 patients with PCa against a panel of sexually transmitted infection-related organisms using polymerase chain reaction and examined the severity of intraprostatic inflammation by pathologic examination. Among tested organisms, the rate of Mycoplasma genitalium (Mg) infection was significantly different between the prostate cancer cohort and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) cohort (P = 0.03). Mg infection in the surgical specimens was associated with younger patients. The rate of extensive disease (pT2c–3b) was higher in Mg-positive patients than in Mg-negative patients (P = 0.027). No significant correlation was observed between Mg infection status and the grade of intraprostatic inflammation. The detection sensitivity of biopsy specimens was 61% for Mg and 60% for human papillomavirus (HPV)18, indicating possible clinical application of this material. A comprehensive understanding of the correlation between the urogenital microbiome and inflammation would facilitate the development of strategies for PCa prevention. Further studies are required to explore its clinical utility in recommendations of early re-biopsy, close follow-up, and treatment by antibiotics.
Highlights
One in every five malignancies can be attributed to infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites [1]
We examined prostatectomy specimens obtained by radical prostatectomy and corresponding needle biopsy specimens from indolent and aggressive prostate cancer (PCa)
There was no difference in the count of white blood cells cells in preoperative urine, preoperative total International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) score, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, initial in preoperative urine, preoperative total IPSS score, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, initial prostateprostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, and Gleason score between the Mycoplasma genitalium (Mg)-positive and Mg-negative specific antigen (PSA) level, and Gleason score between the Mg-positive and Mg-negative patients, patients, whereas the rate of extensive disease was higher in Mg-positive patients than whereas the rate of extensive disease was higher in Mg-positive patients than in Mgin Mg-negative patients (77% vs. 44%, P = 0.027)
Summary
One in every five malignancies can be attributed to infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites [1]. Cells 2019, 8, 212 hypothesis for prostate cancer (PCa) and the potential of prophylaxis [2]. Multiple studies have investigated the association between sexually transmitted infection (STI) and incidence of PCa. A meta-analysis of 6022 cases of prostate cancer and 7320 controls from 29 case–control studies demonstrated a significant association of PCa risk with infection history of any STI-related agent, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae and human papillomavirus (HPV) [3]. The sensitivity of serological assays is generally low, and seroconversion may take a long time or may not occur in the case of every infectious agent [4]. Seropositivity to targeted infectious agents does not necessarily reflect the local infection in the prostate tissue of those agents
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