Mycobacterium haemophilum infection in a patient with AIDS

Abstract

A 35-year-old HIV-infected man with a CD4 cell count of 100/microliter who had returned from a holiday in Spain presented with fever, chronic diarrhoea, cough, oral ulcers, subcutaneous nodules of about 1 cm in diameter and crusted skin ulcers of about 2 cm in diameter at his right arm, both wrists and buttocks. Microscopic examination and culture of smears of a skin ulcer revealed acid-fast bacteria. Mycobacterial cultures of blood, sputum, urine and stool remained sterile. Before the microorganisms were identified culturally, atypical mycobacteriosis was assumed and treatment with rifampicin, ethambutol, isoniazid and clarithromycin was started. Mycobacterium haemophilum was identified by using molecular biological techniques. Within 3 weeks the patient became afebrile and the skin ulcers healed completely. After a 7-week course, the treatment had to be stopped, and one month later painful subcutaneous nodules developed again at his arms and legs. A relapse of Mycobacterium haemophilum infection was confirmed by culture of a fine needle aspirate of a nodule. The same treatment was restarted and the nodules disappeared. Mycobacterium haemophilum, first identified in 1978, is an emerging pathogen in immunocompromised patients. Clinical manifestations usually are skin ulcers, subcutaneous nodules and subcutaneous abscesses, and less frequently, systemic infection. Treatment options of this life threatening disease have yet to be defined but therapeutic response to tuberculostatic combination therapy has been observed. Since Mycobacterium haemophilum is a fastidious organism, special laboratory methods are required for cultivation as well as for identification.