Abstract
Anthocyanins are natural water-soluble pigments that are important in plants because they endow a variety of colors to vegetative tissues and reproductive plant organs, mainly ranging from red to purple and blue. The colors regulated by anthocyanins give plants different visual effects through different biosynthetic pathways that provide pigmentation for flowers, fruits and seeds to attract pollinators and seed dispersers. The biosynthesis of anthocyanins is genetically determined by structural and regulatory genes. MYB (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) proteins are important transcriptional regulators that play important roles in the regulation of plant secondary metabolism. MYB transcription factors (TFs) occupy a dominant position in the regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis. The TF conserved binding motifs can be combined with other TFs to regulate the enrichment and sedimentation of anthocyanins. In this study, the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic mechanisms of MYB-TFs are discussed. The role of the environment in the control of the anthocyanin biosynthesis network is summarized, the complex formation of anthocyanins and the mechanism of environment-induced anthocyanin synthesis are analyzed. Some prospects for MYB-TF to modulate the comprehensive regulation of anthocyanins are put forward, to provide a more relevant basis for further research in this field, and to guide the directed genetic modification of anthocyanins for the improvement of crops for food quality, nutrition and human health.
Highlights
Anthocyanins are abundant natural water-soluble plant pigments in their glycosylated form [1,2]
Gene homologs related to anthocyanin biosynthesis regulated by MYBTFs were found by sequence searches and a proposed evolutionary tree was constructed (Table 1 and Figure 3)
Blue represents the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, and red represents the MYBs as activators to promote the biosynthesis of anthocyanin
Summary
Anthocyanins are abundant natural water-soluble plant pigments in their glycosylated form [1,2]. The CHS, CHI, F3H and F3‘H genes are the early biosynthetic genes (EBGs) in the anthocyanin pathway These genes bind directly and regulate by MYB-TFs [23]. DFR, LDOX, BAN/ANR, and UFGT, are the late biosynthesis genes (LBGs) [24,25], are regulated by the MBW-TF ternary protein complex of MYB-bHLH-WD40 that controls the MBW complex and the downstream accumulation of anthocyanins [26,27,28,29]. The anthocyanins biosynthesis pathway in the plant concerned is inhibited, resulting in when they were expressed. Thaliana, AtPAP1 is regulated by high light and sucrose levels [50,51], which activate affect anthocyanin accumulation [27,49].
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