Mutations in GERANYLGERANYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE 1 affect chloroplast development in Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae)

Abstract

Within plastids, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase is a key enzyme in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway that catalyzes the formation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a precursor molecule to several biochemical pathways including those that lead into the biosynthesis of carotenoids and abscisic acid, prenyllipids such as the chlorophylls, and diterpenes such as gibberellic acid. • We have identified mutants in the GERANYLGERANYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE 1 (GGPS1) gene, which encodes the major plastid-localized enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase in Arabidopsis thaliana. • Two T-DNA insertion mutant alleles (ggps1-2 and ggps1-3) were found to result in seedling-lethal albino and embryo-lethal phenotypes, respectively, indicating that GGPS1 is an essential gene. We also identified a temperature-sensitive leaf variegation mutant (ggps1-1) in A. thaliana that is caused by a point mutation. Total chlorophyll and carotenoid levels were reduced in ggps1-1 white tissues as compared with green tissues. Phenotypes typically associated with a reduction in gibberellic acid were not seen, suggesting that gibberellic acid biosynthesis is not noticeably altered in the mutant. In contrast to other variegated mutants, the ggps1-1 green sector photosynthetic rate was not elevated relative to wild-type tissues. Chloroplast development in green sectors of variegated leaves appeared normal, whereas cells in white sectors contained abnormal plastids with numerous electron translucent bodies and poorly developed internal membranes. • Our results indicate that GGPS1 is a key gene in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway.