Abstract
Bladder cancer is the most common cancer of the urinary tract. Although nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancers have a good prognosis, muscle-invasive bladder cancers promote metastases and have a poor prognosis. Comprehensive analyses using RNA sequence of clinical tumor samples in bladder cancer have been reported. These reports implicated the candidate genes and pathways that play important roles in carcinogenesis and/or progression of bladder cancer. Further investigations for the function of each mutation are warranted. There is suggestive evidence for several environmental factors as risk factors of bladder cancer. Environmental factors such as cigarette smoking, exposure to chemicals and gases, bladder inflammation due to microbial and parasitic infections, diet, and nutrition could induce several genetic mutations and alter the tumor microenvironment, such as immune cells and fibroblasts. The detailed mechanism of how these environmental factors induce carcinogenesis and/or progression of bladder cancer remains unclear. To identify the relationship between the mutations and the lifestyle could be useful for prevention and treatment of bladder cancer.
Highlights
Bladder cancer is the most common cancer of the urinary tract with 430,000 new cases and 165,000 deaths per year worldwide [1]
While the mutation of TERT promoter is an early event in bladder carcinogenesis, hypermethylation of TERT
Promoter is a dynamic process that contributes to disease progression [20]. These mutations are identified in both the normal tissues, which may be precancerous lesion, and the tumor samples of bladder cancer including various rare histological variants [21,22,23,24,25,26]
Summary
Bladder cancer is the most common cancer of the urinary tract with 430,000 new cases and 165,000 deaths per year worldwide [1]. Of the keyEpithelial-to-mesenchymal factors for drug sensitivitytransition and metastasis bladder catalytic mutational (EMT),in a process cancer [12].invasion and migration, characterized by loss of homotypic adhesion and cell polarity, is increasing gender, to chemicals gases, one ofAge, the key factorscigarette for drug smoking, sensitivity exposures and metastasis in bladderand cancer [12]. There is suggestive evidence several environmental factors diet, nutrition, and genetic factors are established riskfor factors forother initiation and progression ofincluding bladder cancer. DNA and reduces environmental factors induce carcinogenesis and progression bladder cancer remains unclear. We discuss of bladder cancer remains unclear.the representative genetic mutations in bladder cancer and the potential ofwe environmental factors on initiation progression bladder
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
