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Abstract
Color mutation is a common, easily identifiable phenomenon in higher plants. Color mutations usually affect the photosynthetic efficiency of plants, resulting in poor growth and economic losses. Therefore, leaf color mutants have been unwittingly eliminated in recent years. Recently, however, with the development of society, the application of leaf color mutants has become increasingly widespread. Leaf color mutants are ideal materials for studying pigment metabolism, chloroplast development and differentiation, photosynthesis and other pathways that could also provide important information for improving varietal selection. In this review, we summarize the research on leaf color mutants, such as the functions and mechanisms of leaf color mutant-related genes, which affect chlorophyll synthesis, chlorophyll degradation, chloroplast development and anthocyanin metabolism. We also summarize two common methods for mapping and cloning related leaf color mutation genes using Map-based cloning and RNA-seq, and we discuss the existing problems and propose future research directions for leaf color mutants, which provide a reference for the study and application of leaf color mutants in the future.
Highlights
As part of photosynthesis, leaves play an important role in the growth and development of plants
Were all reduced, accompanied by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the plants. This result showed that damage to carotenoid biosynthesis would result in photooxidation damage and abscisic acid (ABA) deficiency, which would lead to the sprouting of spikes and the appearance of albinism in leaves [84]
The synthetic pathway from phenylalanine to anthocyanins can be divided into three stages: (1) phenylalanine produces 4-coumaroyl CoA, which is catalyzed by phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; (2) 4-coumaroyl CoA produces colorless anthocyanins, which are catalyzed by biological enzymes such as chalcone synthase; and (3) colorless anthocyanins catalyze the production of anthocyanins through a series of enzymes in the end-stage metabolic pathway
Summary
Leaves play an important role in the growth and development of plants. Leaf color mutations usually affect the plant’s photosynthetic efficiency, resulting in stunted growth and even death. The mutant genes of leaf color mutants can directly or indirectly affect the pigment (such as chlorophyll and anthocyanin) synthesis, degradation, content and proportion, which can block photosynthesis and lead to abnormal leaf color. As an especially ideal material, leaf color mutants play an important role in the research of photosynthetic mechanisms, the chlorophyll biosynthesis. Genetic changes in plant cells are usually the cause of leaf color mutations, the underlying mechanism is more complicated. There are more than 700 sites involved in leaf color mutations in higher plants, all of which are involved in the development, metabolism or signal transduction of leaf color formation. This paper mainly reviews studies related to leaf color mutants, describing some genes that control or affect pigment metabolism, chloroplast development and differentiation, and photosynthesis. We present the achievements and challenges inherent to the study of leaf color mutants and future research directions to provide a reference for the future study and application of leaf color mutants
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