Abstract
Wastewater samples were collected from pulp and paper mill located in Kashipur (India) and were extracted using dichloromethane (DCM), chloroform and hexane solvents (all were HPLC-grade). The extracts were assayed for their mutagenic potential using Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay. TA98 strain was found to be the most responsive, in terms of induction factor (Mi) and slope (m) of the initial linear dose-response curve as determined by linear regression analysis up to the increasing doses indicating the presence of frame shift mutagens in the test samples. Mutagenicity of different extracts is arranged as follows: dichloromethane extracted water samples > hexane extracted water samples > chloroform extracted water samples. Hexane extract exhibited maximum mutagenic index of 13.0 and induction factor (Mi) 2.48 with TA98. The order of responsiveness based on the mutagenic index and induction factor for the test samples was in the following order: TA98 > TA97a > TA100 > TA102 > TA104. Our findings suggest that TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102, TA104 were sensitive towards the wastewater extracts and showed considerable mutagenicity.
Highlights
Pulp and paper industries are water intensive industry and release effluent that contain a variety of naturally occurring polymers such as poly aromatic hydrocarbon, tannins, fatty acids, resin acids, lignin and its derivatives which are known for their resistance to degradation [1]
TA98 strain was found to be the most responsive, in terms of induction factor (Mi) and slope (m) of the initial linear dose-response curve as determined by linear regression analysis up to the increasing doses indicating the presence of frame shift mutagens in the test samples
Our findings suggest that TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102, TA104 were sensitive towards the wastewater extracts and showed considerable mutagenicity
Summary
Pulp and paper industries are water intensive industry and release effluent that contain a variety of naturally occurring polymers such as poly aromatic hydrocarbon, tannins, fatty acids, resin acids, lignin and its derivatives which are known for their resistance to degradation [1]. The chemicals formed during the process of pulping, bleaching and paper making have deleterious effect on aquatic life and they bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the food chain. Malik fishes exposed to pulp mill effluents [2] [3]. Which are produced during paper making have been reported for their adverse health impacts such as endocrine disruption, immunosuppression, growth retardation, thyroid dysfunction, decreased fertility, and tumour promotion [4] Some xenobiotics like organochlorinated dioxins etc. which are produced during paper making have been reported for their adverse health impacts such as endocrine disruption, immunosuppression, growth retardation, thyroid dysfunction, decreased fertility, and tumour promotion [4]
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