Abstract
Purpose: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating joint disease characterized by cartilage degeneration and pathologic remodeling of other joint tissues. Cartilage has limited intrinsic healing capacity, motivating the application of stem cells for regenerative therapies. Therapies to treat osteochondral defects using stem cell therapy-based tissue engineering have been developed and used for more than 20 years; however, the low viability and high possibility of dispersion of injected cells to target defect sites have remained challenge.
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