Abstract
Mo ORE THAN 150 years ago, when discussing his concept of civilization, John Adams said, I must study politics and war, that my sons may have liberty to study mathematics, philosophy, and commerce so that their children in turn may have the right and privilege to study painting, poetry, and music. Thus, even before the free public schools of America were established, aspects of their shape and processes were blueprinted by our second President. Fifty years after this statement by John Adams, farsighted humanists such as Horace Mann and Henry Barnard were convincing the new nation that it could not survive except as its citizenry was broadly educated. So the revolutionary institution known as the public schools was born and established.
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