Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review literature on music and biomarkers of stress in order to (1) Identify music interventions and (2) Detail the biomarkers of stress associated with music. Methods: PRISMA guidelines were followed in performing this systematic review. Studies published from January 1995 to January 2020 that pertain to biomarkers of stress and music were identified through the use of the PubMed database, using the keywords: ‘music’ AND ‘biomarker’ OR ‘marker’ OR ‘hormone’. Two authors independently conducted a focused analysis and reached a final consensus on 16 studies that met the specific selection criteria and passed the study quality checks. Results: The reviewed studies were all randomized controlled trials. Reviewed music interventions included Music Listening (ML), Meditational Music (MM), ‘Guided Imagery and Music’ (GIM), and Singing. The studies showed that music is associated with a decreasing trend in cortisol, salivary α-amylase, heart rate, and blood pressure, as well as an increasing trend in Immunoglobulin A (IgA), oxytocin, and EEG theta wave, while testosterone was associated with sex-related differences. Conclusion: Music is associated with significant changes in biomarkers of stress, suggesting that it could be utilized for the development of stress reduction tools.
Highlights
The relationship between people's living conditions and their health status was established within the first decades of the 19th century
To assess whether there is a relationship between the level of triage and the social class of patients who attend the emergency department and whether there are other variables that can modulate this association
The percentage of patients with lower social class who attended the emergency department for minor reasons was 42% higher compared to the rest of the patients (RR = 1.42; 1.21-1.67 95% CI, p
Summary
The relationship between people's living conditions and their health status was established within the first decades of the 19th century. The analysis of health problems using the so-called social and economic determinants approach is a central issue for the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Ministries of Health of several countries [2]. It is well known that health and disease are related to the standard of living of the population. The relationship between social status, health condition, and the use of health care resources is a growing field of interest. Its importance is supported by the existence of multiple reports such as the Black Report 1980. This was the first relevant study that related social status with ill-health and, to mortality
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