Abstract
Tracing the unexpected influence of Thomas Hughes and Charles Kingsley in Japan, this paper explores the role muscular Christian ideas played in shaping Japanese attitudes toward sports and modernity in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Taking over ideas brought by Western teachers and missionaries, Japanese Christians in the era of imperialism actively sought to counter Japan's narrow nationalism through hybridization of ‘traditional’ Bushido with muscular Christian ideology. While the nationalists won the struggle in the 1920s and 1930s, today's secularized notion of sportsmanship is shown to be a creation of the Japanese muscular Christians through their hybridization efforts.
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