Abstract
Globally, village chicken is popular and is known as a premium meat with a higher price. Food fraud can occur by selling other chicken breeds at a premium price in local markets. This study aimed to distinguish local village chicken from other chicken breeds available in the market, namely, colored broiler (Hubbard), broiler (Cobb), and spent laying hen (Dekalb) in pectoralis major and serum under commercial conditions using an untargeted metabolomics approach. Both pectoralis major and serum were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The principal component analysis (PCA) results distinguished four different chicken breeds into three main groups for pectoralis major and serum. A total of 30 and 40 characteristic metabolites were identified for pectoralis major and serum, respectively. The four chicken breeds were characterized by the abundance of metabolites such as amino acids (L−glutamic acid, L−threonine, L−serine, L−leucine), organic acids (L−lactic acid, succinic acid, 3−hydroxybutyric acid), sugars (D−allose, D−glucose), sugar alcohols (myo−inositol), and fatty acids (linoleic acid). Our results suggest that an untargeted metabolomics approach using GC–MS and PCA could discriminate chicken breeds for pectoralis major and serum under commercial conditions. In this study, village chicken could only be distinguished from colored broiler (Hubbard) by serum samples.
Highlights
Chicken meat is known as the most popular poultry meat worldwide
We focused on four commercially available chicken breeds in the local market, namely, authentic village chicken, colored broiler (Hubbard), spent laying hen (Dekalb), and broiler (Cobb), which were obtained from the local supplier at the market age for untargeted metabolomics studies by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS)
The present study demonstrated the differentiation of local authentic village chicken from other three chicken breeds at their respective market age by an untargeted metabolomics approach using GC–MS
Summary
Chicken meat is known as the most popular poultry meat worldwide. The demand for poultry meat has increased in the past few decades due to healthy eating habits [1]; better choice and its lower cost than red meat; readiness for further processing; and it having no religious, cultural, or political prohibitions [2]. Village chickens have been shown significant demand for the past few decades, with prices two to four times higher than broiler [3]. There are many occasions that underage colored broiler is sold as village chicken at a premium price to fraud the consumers for economic gain [7,8]. The consumers struggle to recognize the type of chicken breeds in terms of the retail cut of breast meat and meat products [9]. Such food fraud may not threaten consumers’ health, a plausible solution to this problem is urgently needed to safeguard consumers’ rights and ensure fair trade
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