MUSCARI ARMENIACUM LEICHTLIN (GRAPE HYACINTH): PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES REVIEW

Abstract

This review focuses on the Muscari armeniacum Leichtlin (Asparagaceae Juss) biologically active substances composition presented in the Aireal and underground parts and finding their possible therapeutic effects. The systematic review is dedicated to the composition of biologically active substances, including recent advances in the biological activity investigation, phytochemical studies, and biotechnology methods of plant material producing. Various electronic search engines such as Google, Google Scholar, scientific literature, publishing sites, and electronic databases such as PubMed, Wiley, Springer, and Science Direct had been searched and data obtained. Other online academic libraries such as E-library and specific ethnopharmacological literature had been searched systematically for more exhaustive information on the crude herbal drug. The chemical composition of M. armeniacum biologically active substances is established; it contains anthocyanins (delphinidin and cyanidin derivatives), homoisoflavonoids, polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (hyacinthacines A1, A2, A3, and B3), oligoglycosides (Muscarosides), and ribosome-inactivating proteins (musarmins). Recent physicochemical analytical procedures for components determination and hyacinthacines synthesis pathways are mentioned. Moreover, future prospects and trends in the research of this plant have been proposed. We have reviewed researches conducted on M. armeniacum especially in areas of its use in medicine, phytochemicals, biological activity, and developed analytical methods. M. armeniacum possesses antioxidant, antimutagenic activity, and specific glycosidase inhibitory activity; M. armeniacum can be used for the production of potential anticancer, antiviral, antidiabetic, and anti-obesity drugs. It should be noted that more pharmacognostic, pharmacological studies are needed for giving further information on the clinical practice and standardization procedures for the crude herbal drug.