Abstract
House fly “Musca domestica” Linnaeus is a common insect widely distributed all over the world and is one of the domestic insect pests found associated with human and animal. Due to their habits and habitats, house flies are able to transmit several pathogenic microorganisms to man such as: bacteria, fungi and virus. House flies are not just annoying human and animal, but they also have been known as vectors of infectious microorganisms either mechanically or biologically. Chemical insecticides have been used for many years and have been known as the most effective approach in house fly management but due to their side effects on the environment and the increasing development of pest resistance to each new chemical, studies tended to explore new alternative methods in pest control. Biological methods including different predators, parasites, entomopathogenic micro-organisms and botanical extracts showed in the last years a practical and effective ecofriendly method to control insect pests including house fly and at the same time safe on human and animal.
Highlights
House fly “Musca domestica” Linnaeus is a common (Himathongkham et al, 1999)
Each of the first and second larval stages lasts around 1-3 days, the third in star larva develops in 3-4 days to a creamy white 8-11 mm long maggot, tapering from the front and thicker behind to a shortened back end, where two apparent black spiracles are placed through which the tracheal system is attached with the exterior air (Kelling, 2001)
Steinernematid alternatives to chemical compounds. In addition to their and heterrhabditid nematodes when used in the control effectiveness, such as safety for humans and other non- of filth flies, the larval stage was very sensitive to these target species, elimination of pesticides left in food, entomopathogenic nematodes (Mullens et al, 1987; defense of natural enemies, and improved biodiversity in Taylor et al, 1998)
Summary
House fly M. domestica has a full metamorphosis including clear egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages (Cossé and Baker 1996). Oviposition takes place four days after copulation and the female lays several batches of 100 to 155 eggs for 3-4 days, during its lifetime. Warm summer conditions are ideal for their development as they can complete their life cycle within 7-10 days. Each of the first and second larval stages lasts around 1-3 days, the third in star larva develops in 3-4 days to a creamy white 8-11 mm long maggot, tapering from the front and thicker behind to a shortened back end, where two apparent black spiracles are placed through which the tracheal system is attached with the exterior air (Kelling, 2001). The entire life cycle from egg to adult laying eggs ranges from 14-18 days under ideal conditions (25°C). Numerous generations could grow up during the warm season, but in unfavorable conditions, it could be slow down to nearly six weeks giving emergence to abnormally low size offlies (Kelling, 2001)
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