Abstract
In this work, through a combination of photoluminescence spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and magnetic measurements, it is determined that ZnO rods, made hydrothermally using a combination of magnetic field with respect to the force of gravity, exhibit superparamagnetic properties which emerge from Zn defects. These Zn defects result in a size-dependent superparamagnetic property of the rods. Red emissions, characteristic of Zn vacancies, and magnetic susceptibility both increased with decreasing rod size. The ZnO rods have significantly larger superparamagnetic cluster sizes (one order of magnitude) and lower fluctuation rates when compared to other superparamagnetic particles.
Highlights
Magnetic nanomaterials find application in a wide range of medical and industrial contexts, seeing potential use as, for example, a heterogeneous catalyst [1,2], an inductive median to convert electromagnetic energy into heat [3], a component in data storage [4], as sensors to detect infectious diseases [5], in ferrofluids [6], MRI agents [7], and in drug delivery [8]
The ZnO rods were synthesized on an indium tin oxide (ITO) (Sigma-Aldrich hydrate (0.025 M) (Sigma-Aldrich Canada Co., Oakville, ON, CA) and hexamethyleneteCo., Oakville, ON, CA) substrate
This work provides evidence that zinc defects in the structure of ZnO rods are strongly related to the magnetic environment with a combination of bulk magnetic susceptibility, photoluminescence spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and μSR
Summary
Magnetic nanomaterials find application in a wide range of medical and industrial contexts, seeing potential use as, for example, a heterogeneous catalyst [1,2], an inductive median to convert electromagnetic energy into heat [3], a component in data storage [4], as sensors to detect infectious diseases [5], in ferrofluids [6], MRI agents [7], and in drug delivery [8]. We have shown that ZnO rods exhibit size-specific magnetic properties. Using an interplay of an externally applied magnetic field and gravity, we were able to control the morphology of the ZnO rods, allowing for the structure, and its magnetic properties, to be tuned to a specific application [5]. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have attracted attention in the medical field for several decades in targeted drug delivery, radiotherapy, and imaging [12]. Other materials, such as ZnO nanomaterial, have the potential to be alternatives if they could be made superparamagnetic [5,13,14,15]
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