Abstract
Thus far, underwater and underground positioning techniques have been limited to those using classical waves (sound waves, electromagnetic waves or their combination). However, the positioning accuracy is strongly affected by the conditions of media they propagate (temperature, salinity, density, elastic constants, opacity, etc.). In this work, we developed a precise and entirely new three-dimensional positioning technique with cosmic muons. This muonic technique is totally unaffected by the media condition and can be universally implemented anywhere on the globe without a signal transmitter. Results of our laboratory-based experiments and simulations showed that, for example, plate-tectonics-driven seafloor motion and magma-driven seamount deformation can be detected with the μPS.
Highlights
Precise underwater and underground positionings are required for s ubmarine[1,2,3] or s ubmerged[4,5] volcano monitoring, slow slip o bservations[6], coseismic displacement m easurements[7,8,9], and multiple engineering p urposes[10,11,12]
Can reach the 500 m deep seafloor is more than 0.9999999c. In conjunction with this universality and their relativistic; penetrative nature, the technique called muography has been widely applied to visualizing the internal structure of gigantic objects including volcanoes and historical heritage in A frica[20,21], the Americas22–24, Asia[25,26,27,28,29,30,31], and Europe[32,33,34,35,36,37,38]. By utilizing this universality and relativistic nature, cosmic muons have a potential to be used for positioning the receiver detector located underwater or underground three dimensionally with a great accuracy within the coordinate defined by the reference detectors
Since cosmic muons always precipitate from the upper hemisphere, multiple particle detectors located above a receiver detector provide the times of flight between these reference detectors and a receiver detector, and this information can be converted to the distances between these detectors by multiplying the speed of light in a vacuum
Summary
Precise underwater and underground positionings are required for s ubmarine[1,2,3] or s ubmerged[4,5] volcano monitoring, slow slip o bservations[6], coseismic displacement m easurements[7,8,9], and multiple engineering p urposes[10,11,12]. In conjunction with this universality and their relativistic; penetrative nature, the technique called muography has been widely applied to visualizing the internal structure of gigantic objects including volcanoes and historical heritage in A frica[20,21], the Americas22–24, Asia[25,26,27,28,29,30,31], and Europe[32,33,34,35,36,37,38] Likewise, by utilizing this universality and relativistic nature, cosmic muons have a potential to be used for positioning the receiver detector located underwater or underground three dimensionally with a great accuracy within the coordinate defined by the reference detectors. Since cosmic muons always precipitate from the upper hemisphere, multiple particle detectors (reference detectors) located above a receiver detector provide the times of flight between these reference detectors and a receiver detector, and this information can be converted to the distances between these detectors by multiplying the speed of light in a vacuum
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