Abstract
The challenge of developing country governments in municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is complex, often ineffective, and does not meet the required technical sustainability, which involves environmental, social, and financial aspects. The purpose of this research is to analyze two distinct waste management systems, in São Leopoldo (Brazil) and in Zurich (Switzerland), to develop a tool called “waste stream mapping” and also to compare the cities systems. The results show positively that the two municipalities have selective waste collection, however in São Leopoldo it was found that less volume was reinserted in the production chain, which considerably increases the volume of waste sent to sanitary landfill, which is the main method of disposal in Brazil. On the other hand, the Zurich management model is more expensive, especially compared to incineration, but its billing and power trading system ends up involving more of the population and paying for the operations, as Zurich generates more income than expenses. This study shows that each stage of waste management has its peculiarity and everything should be planned. The tool adapted from Value Stream Mapping has shown that it is useful to have a broad vision about the municipal solid waste management to be implemented.
Highlights
In recent years, a large number of research studies have been undertaken to determine influential factors affecting waste management systems in cities in developing countries [1]
São Leopoldo is located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, it has an area of 102.31 km2 and according to the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) [12], in 2010 its population was 211,663 inhabitants distributed in 24 districts of the city
Moura [13] held the characterization of municipal solid waste in São Leopoldo and the result indicated that 58.6% was putrescible waste, 13.3% was paper and cardboard, 12.3% was plastic, 4.3% was clothing and leather, 1.7% was glass, 1.5% was metal, 1.3% was milk packaging, 0.7% was wood, and 6% was considered waste, identified as: 0.7% of stones, soil, and ceramic, 0.3% of polystyrene, 0.3% of rubber, 0.2% of chemical contaminants, and 4.5% of biological contaminants, besides other mixed materials not identified
Summary
A large number of research studies have been undertaken to determine influential factors affecting waste management systems in cities in developing countries [1]. Municipal solid waste management is a service that represents a public health issue, since, if it is poorly done, it can result in the contamination of water, soil, and the presence of disease-transmitting vectors [2]. Because of these reasons, governments need attention in the choice of the best ways to serve it. In Brazil, according to the Federal Law No 11445 [3], the collection, transportation, treatment, and final disposal of municipal solid waste are part of the public cleaning services, in addition to weeding and sweeping of public places. One of reasons, according to Mannarino, Ferreira, and Gandolla [5] is that the Brazilian regions are quite different with regard to their investment capacity
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