Abstract
In many countries, open dumping is considered the simplest, cheapest, and most cost-effective way of managing solid wastes. Thus, in underdeveloped economies, Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) are openly dumped. Improper waste disposal causes air, water, and soil pollution, impairing soil permeability and blockage of the drainage system. Solid Waste Management (SWM) can be enhanced by operating a well-engineered site with the capacity to reduce, reuse, and recover MSW. Makkah city is one of the holiest cities in the world. It harbors a dozen of holy places. Millions of people across the globe visit the place every year to perform Hajj, Umrah, and tourism. In the present study, MSW characterization and energy recovery from MSW of Makkah was determined. The average composition of solid waste in Makkah city is organic matter (48%), plastics (25%), paper and cardboard (20%), metals (4%), glass (2%), textiles (1%), and wood (1%). In order to evaluate energy recovery potential from solid waste in Kakia open dumpsite landfill, the Gas Generation Model (LandGEM) was used. According to LandGEM results, landfill gas (methane and carbon dioxide) generation potential and capacity were determined. Kakia open dump has a methane potential of 83.52 m3 per ton of waste.
Highlights
IntroductionThe waste management process encompasses practices like collection, disposal, landfilling, treatment, and recycling of the waste [1,2,3,4,5,6]
Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) cause major negative impacts on the environment.The waste management process encompasses practices like collection, disposal, landfilling, treatment, and recycling of the waste [1,2,3,4,5,6]
It is noticed that organic matter represents the largest component of solid waste, ranging from 30.60% to 88.12%
Summary
The waste management process encompasses practices like collection, disposal, landfilling, treatment, and recycling of the waste [1,2,3,4,5,6]. To avoid undesirable effects on the environment, solid waste management chain (waste generation, waste handling, and storage at site, collection, transfer and transport, and disposal) must be followed [7,8]. It is vital to choose a refuse disposal site that will have a minimal hazardous effect on human health and the environment. Solid waste management (SWM) has five main pillars: Reduction, recycling, recovery, reuse, and disposal [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]. Due to changes in consumption patterns of commercial and households, the amount of solid waste generated per year has increased globally [9]
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