Abstract
The multiyear cultivation of Miscanthus × giganteus Greef et Deu (M.×giganteus) at the soils polluted by metal(loid)s were researched. The biomass parameters and concentrations of elements: Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Sr, and Mo were determined in the plant’s organs at harvest. The same metal(loid)s were monitored in the plant’s leaves throughout three vegetation seasons. The principal component analysis and general linear model approaches were applied for statistical evaluation followed by Box-Cox transformation. The difference in the distribution of elements in the plant, the content of elements in the soil, various regime of uptake to the plant tissues, and the year of vegetation were analyzed as driving factors of the phytoremediation. The results showed that the leading promoter was the factor of the zone, which was the most essential for Ti, Fe, and Cu and the smallest for Mn. The factor of differences in soil pollution was essential for Zn and Mo, much less for As, Sr, and Mn, limited for Fe, and was not seen for Ti and Cu. The factor of the interrelation effects of the zone and experiment reflected the different regime of uptake for the plant tissues was seen for two elements: more prominent for Cu and smaller for Ti. While analyzing the dynamic of foliar concentrations of the metal(loid)s during 3 years, two groups were defined. Firstly, Fe, Ni, Mn, and Sr showed stable curves with limited distribution of the plant life cycle. Secondly, As, Zn, Cu, and Mo showed different fluctuations in the curves, which can be attributed to essential influence of those elements to the plant life cycle. Further research will be focused on the application of M.×giganteus to the polluted soil in a bigger scale and comparison results of laboratory and field experiments.
Highlights
Industrial activities represent a valuable source of polluting the environment by toxic elements, which can be introduced into the atmospheric, aquatic, and terrestrial ecosystems (Vareda et al 2019; Naila et al 2019; Hui 2020; Rolka et al 2020)
The goals of the current study was to test the application of M.×giganteus as phytoremediation agent to the heavy polluted by metal(loid)s post-industrial soil from Bakar, Croatia, to measure the phytoremediation parameters during three vegetation seasons and to observe the peculiarities of metal(loid)s behavior in the plants’ organs in the long term
The polluted soil was taken at Bakar industrial zone, Croatia, from the site with the following coordinates: 45° 17′ 56.7′′ N 14° 32′ 34.4′′ E; the soil was sampled on 13 April 2015
Summary
Industrial activities represent a valuable source of polluting the environment by toxic elements, which can be introduced into the atmospheric, aquatic, and terrestrial ecosystems (Vareda et al 2019; Naila et al 2019; Hui 2020; Rolka et al 2020). The negative effect is exacerbated when an industrial zone is located near the water body, and pollutions can move directly to aquifer with additional contamination of the water biota as it was reported for the Venice Lagoon (Gieskes et al 2015). Another negative case is presented by an industrially polluted zone of the port of Rijeka and Bakar Bay, Croatia where industrial activities between 1970 and 1990 caused regional pollution (Alebic-Juretic 1994; Jakšić et al 2005). The urgent request exists to develop the technology for remediation of the area, which has to be effective, not costly, and ecologically friendly
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