Abstract
This study was conducted to characterize carbon nanotube (CNT)/water nanofluids (CNWNFs) and to apply the nanofluids in a heat-dissipation system of dual green energy sources. CNTs were mixed with water in weight fractions of 0.125%, 0.25%, and 0.5% to produce nanofluids. The thermal conductivity, density, viscosity, and specific heat of the nanofluids were measured. An experimental platform consisting of a simulated dual energy source and a microchip controller was established to evaluate the heat-dissipation performance. Two indices, the heat dissipation enhancement ratio and specific heat dissipation enhancement ratio (SHDER), were defined and calculated. The CNWNFs with a CNT concentration of 0.125 wt.% were used because they exhibited the highest SHDER. The steady-state performance was evaluated at 2 flow rates, 11 hybrid flow ratios, and 3 heating ratios for a total power of 1000 W. The transient behavior of the energy sources at preset optimal temperatures was examined, and the CNWNFs exhibited average increases in stability and heat dissipation efficiency of 36.2% and 5%, respectively, compared with water. This nanofluid heat-dissipation system is expected to be integrated with real dual energy sources in the near future.
Highlights
Using green energy sources is critical for achieving zero emissions and environmentally clean zones worldwide
This paper presents the properties of low-concentration CNT/water nanofluids (CNWNFs), the selection of optimal multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs) nanofluids, and the use of CNWNFs in a novel heat-dissipation system applied in simulated hybrid green-energy devices
Varying the combinations of MWCNTs, chitosan, and water influences the properties of CNWNFs
Summary
Using green energy sources is critical for achieving zero emissions and environmentally clean zones worldwide. Hydrogen fuel cells and energy-storage devices such as lithium batteries and supercapacitors are considered promising future green energy sources because they do not cause pollution, their operational efficiency is high, and they can be developed sustainably [1]. Communications, household power module, transportation, and industrial applications urgently require green energy sources to meet stringent environmental regulations and government policies (key research areas and policies related to hydrogen energy are listed in [2]). Manufacturers and research institutes have developed several hydrogen fuel cell and battery prototypes, demonstration environments, and even commercial products. In a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)/lithium battery hybrid system that was applied in electric vehicles, the PEMFC increased mileage, and the battery provided the substantial amount of power required [5]. Appropriate system designs and well-controlled mechatronics can be used to enhance the performance of dual energy sources
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