Abstract
Lead pollution is a severe health concern for humankind. Utilizing water contaminated with lead can cause musculoskeletal, renal, neurological, and fertility impairments. Therefore, to remove lead ions, proficient, and cost-effective methods are imperative. In this study, the Odaracha soil which is traditionally used by the local community of the Saketa District was used as a novel low-cost technology to adsorb lead ions. Odaracha adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The adsorption process followed the batch adsorption experiment. The response surface method was implemented to derive the operating variables’ binary interaction effect and optimize the process. According to the study’s experimental result, at optimum experimental conditions Odaracha adsorbent removes 98.17% of lead ions. Based on the result of the central composite design model, the Pb2+ ion removal efficiency of Odaracha was 97.193%, indicating an insignificant dissimilarity of the actual and predicted results. The coefficient of determination (R2) for Pb2+ was 0.9454. According to the factors’ influence indicated in the results of the central composite design model, all individual factors and the interaction effect between contact time and pH has a significant positive effect on lead adsorption. However, other interaction effects (contact time with dose and pH with dose) did not significantly influence the removal efficiency of lead ions. The adsorption kinetics were perfectly fitted with a pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption isotherm was well fitted with the Freundlich isotherm model. In general, this study suggested that Odaracha adsorbent can be considered a potential adsorbent to remove Pb2+ ions and it is conceivable to raise its effectiveness by extracting its constituents at the industrial level.
Highlights
Lead pollution is a serious environmental concern, and lead is a toxic inorganic pollutant in surface and groundwater, even at trace levels [1]
Even though the studies have been conducted on chromium and turbidity removal, there is no scientific investigations about the potential of Odaracha soil in lead removal
The Odaracha adsorbent was subjected to scanning electron microscopy analysis using an INSPECT F50 field emission scanning electron microscope to observe surface morphology changes before and after adsorption [18]
Summary
Lead pollution is a serious environmental concern, and lead is a toxic inorganic pollutant in surface and groundwater, even at trace levels [1]. Battery, pigment, printing, fuel, and photographic manufacturing activities demand lead These sources are the principal causes of human exposure to lead. Clay minerals and other natural adsorbents are preferable for heavy metal adsorption because of their low cost, abundance, net negative charge, high surface area, best performance, and potential for ion exchange [12,13,14,15,16]. The solubility of soil particles causes the turbidity problems of water bodies. Even though the studies have been conducted on chromium and turbidity removal, there is no scientific investigations about the potential of Odaracha soil in lead removal. This study’s primary objective was to explore the effectiveness of Odaracha soil in removing Pb2+ from synthetic wastewater by considering the effect of contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, and initial concentration of lead. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies are involved to describe the movement of a substance from aqueous media to a solid phase and to understand the rate of the adsorption process
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