Abstract
Water management planning requires reliable and accurate water demand forecasting. Water demand prediction is affected by variables, such as climate, socio-economic, and demographic data. This paper investigates urban monthly average water demand prediction, using classical, ensemble, and gradient boosting-based machine learning models, using the available monthly water demand, climatic, economic, and demographic data. Three train-test data split schemes on water demand timeseries were considered to determine the effect of data size on water demand prediction. Sensitivity analysis was employed to reduce input feature dimensionality while maintaining model accuracy. A univariate timeseries (water demand only) produced R2 scores up to 0.91, which increased to 0.94 with the addition of calendar and climatic features. Increasing the training data size from 70% to 90% improved the RMSE and MAE scores by ensemble and gradient boosting methods, with the random forest and the AdaBoost models showing improvements of up to 69%. The sensitivity analysis revealed a successful input reduction scheme from a potential 17 input attributes to seven inputs. Gradient boosting models showed robust and faster execution time, especially with the increase in training data, which is attractive for medium-term urban water demand forecasting.
Highlights
Water demand prediction is an essential paradigm for water resource planning and utilisation in the water sector
Extreme learning machines were used for short-term urban water demand forecasting [19], while a deep belief network proved useful for daily forecasting of water demand [20]
Seventeen potential inputs were tested on their effect on water demand, and the obtained results were discussed
Summary
Water demand prediction is an essential paradigm for water resource planning and utilisation in the water sector. Climatic change, and economic advancement continue to pressure the already scarce water resource. These factors point to the need for careful planning and management of the available water resources [1]. Knowledge-driven methods were used to develop shortterm water demand prediction models using temperature and other weather forecasting information [2, 3]. Knowledge-driven methods consider explaining and accounting for the factors that affect water demand, such as population, economy, temperature, and rainfall, among others. Data-driven techniques are broadly categorised into traditional and artificial intelligence-based (A.I.) procedures account for most water demand modelling studies
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