Abstract
Fumonisins (FBs) and zearalenone (ZEN) are mycotoxins which occur naturally in grains and cereals, especially maize, causing negative effects on animals and humans. Along with the need for constant monitoring, there is a growing demand for rapid, non-destructive methods. Among these, Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) has made great headway for being an easy-to-use technology. NIR was applied in the present research to quantify the contamination level of total FBs, i.e., fumonisin B1+fumonisin B2 (FB1+FB2), and ZEN in Brazilian maize. From a total of six hundred and seventy-six samples, 236 were analyzed for FBs and 440 for ZEN. Three regression models were defined: one with 18 principal components (PCs) for FB1, one with 10 PCs for FB2, and one with 7 PCs for ZEN. Partial least square regression algorithm with full cross-validation was applied as internal validation. External validation was performed with 200 unknown samples (100 for FBs and 100 for ZEN). Correlation coefficient (R), determination coefficient (R2), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), standard error of prediction (SEP) and residual prediction deviation (RPD) for FBs and ZEN were, respectively: 0.809 and 0.991; 0.899 and 0.984; 659 and 69.4; 682 and 69.8; and 3.33 and 2.71. No significant difference was observed between predicted values using NIR and reference values obtained by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), thus indicating the suitability of NIR to rapidly analyze a large numbers of maize samples for FBs and ZEN contamination. The external validation confirmed a fair potential of the model in predicting FB1+FB2 and ZEN concentration. This is the first study providing scientific knowledge on the determination of FBs and ZEN in Brazilian maize samples using NIR, which is confirmed as a reliable alternative methodology for the analysis of such toxins.
Highlights
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by some filamentous fungi that grow naturally in many commodities around the world [1,2]
This study aims to fill such lack of scientific data by using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) to quantitatively predict the concentration of total FBs, fumonisin B1+fumonisin B2 (FB1+fumonisin B2 (FB2)), and ZEN in naturally contaminated Brazilian maize samples, and to assess the prediction potential in unknown samples
This paper reveals the potential of NIR as a fast and easy
Summary
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by some filamentous fungi that grow naturally in many commodities around the world [1,2]. In Brazil, contamination of substrates by mycotoxigenic fungi is rather common, since climatic conditions favor their development and the production of mycotoxins These substances are produced by three fungal genera: Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium [3]. The genus Fusarium is of great importance for it encompasses the main producers of fumonisins (FBs), F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum [4,5] and zearalenone (ZEN), F. culmorum, F. graminearum and F. crookwellense [6,7,8,9] These mycotoxins can have harmful effects on human and animal health [10,11,12]. FB1 is the most toxic and abundant of them all [19], representing about 70% of the total concentration in naturally contaminated food and raw materials, followed by FB2 and FB3 [20]
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