Abstract
Most of the traditional PID tuning methods are heuristic in nature. The heuristic approach-based tuned PID controllers show only nominal performance. In addition, in the case of a digital redesign approach, mapping of the heuristically-designed continuous-time PID controllers into discrete-time PID controllers and in case of the direct digital design approach, mapping of the continuous-time plant (forward converter) into the discrete-time plant, results in frequency distortion (or warping). Besides this, nonlinear elements such as ADC and DAC, and delay in the digital control loop deteriorate the control performance. There is a need to tune conventionally-designed digital controllers to enhance performance. This paper proposes optimized discrete-time PID controllers for a forward DC–DC converter operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM). The considered conventional digital PID controllers designed on the basis of the digital redesign and direct digital approaches are tuned by one of the multivariable unconstrained pattern search methods named Hooke–Jeeves (H–J) search method to ensure excellent output voltage regulation performance against the changes in input voltage and load current. Numerical results show that the H–J-based optimized PID compensated forward converter system shows tremendous improvement in performance compared to its unoptimized counterpart and simulated annealing (SA)-based compensated system, thus justifying the applicability of the H–J method for enhancing the performance.
Highlights
Forward converters, which are popular switched-mode power supplies (SMPSs), have a simple circuit configuration, as they employ a single power transistor referenced to the primary-side return
In this paper, the Hooke Jeeves search algorithm was successfully applied to tune the coefficients of discrete-time PID controllers to enhance the performance of the compensated forward DC–DC converter
Three types of PID controllers were designed on the basis of frequency response characteristics in the
Summary
Forward converters, which are popular switched-mode power supplies (SMPSs), have a simple circuit configuration, as they employ a single power transistor referenced to the primary-side return. Forward converter topologies (especially single-ended), typically used in off-line applications in the 100 W−300 W region, are extensively used in applications such as telecom central office equipment, smartphones, systems that use distributed power architectures, and DC–DC applications in industrial controls [1]. These low to medium power conversion applications require a tightly-regulated output voltage. Digital compensators are gaining the attention of control system designers and researchers due to their programmability, configurability, and ability to realize complex and sophisticated control approaches, they suffer from nonlinear effects, such as ADC and DAC quantization errors, sampling and hold effects, loop delay, and so on, which deteriorate the performance by limiting the loop bandwidth. This paper proposes the gradient-free Hooke–Jeeves pattern search method for optimizing discrete-time Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) compensators applied to an isolated forward DC–DC converter
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