Abstract
Many biopolymers exhibit a strong complexing ability for multivalent ions. Often such ions form ionic bridges between the polymer chains. This leads to the formation of ionic cross linked networks and supermolecular structures, thus promoting the modification of the behavior of solid and gel polymer networks. Sorption of biopolymers on fiber surfaces and interfaces increases substantially in the case of multivalent ions, e.g., calcium being available for ionic crosslinking. Through controlled adsorption and ionic crosslinking surface modification of textile fibers with biopolymers can be achieved, thus altering the characteristics at the interface between fiber and surrounding matrices. A brief introduction on the differences deriving from the biopolymers, as their interaction with other compounds, is given. Functional models are presented and specified by several examples from previous and recent studies. The relevance of ionic crosslinks in biopolymers is discussed by means of selected examples of wider use.
Highlights
Biopolymers, with consideration of their functional groups, interact with multivalent ions due to electrostatic interaction
Pectins are important structural molecules in plant cell walls which aggregate and structure in the presence of calcium ions [1], a phenomena used for decades in jam processing [2,3]
We focus on a gluconate system, which serves as a basis for the succeeding cellulose interaction models
Summary
Biopolymers, with consideration of their functional groups, interact with multivalent ions due to electrostatic interaction This basic principle has been reported, and subsequently applied, in a multitude of phenomena and applications. In the absence of biopolymers, electrostatic interaction results in the formation of a hydration shell of the ion or ionic compound in solution due to the presence of polar or polarisable solvent molecules. Adsorption of alginates and pectins on cellulose surfaces are reported subsequently This is done to extend the interaction model to ionic surface sorption of biopolymers on cellulose. To extend the models and represent them in a wider scope, we discuss the interaction of multivalent ions with polyamino acid structures These are used as a side-glance to glycoproteins, where ionic interaction is present in the polysaccharide as the polyamino acid parts of the molecules. We take a final look at silk fibroin and wool protein interactions with multivalent ions to demonstrate the general principle of ionic crosslinking on other biobased macromolecules
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