Abstract
Multivalent interactions are important in a variety of biological processes [1–3]. In these cases, a multivalent ligand can bind to one or a number of receptors with enhanced functional affinity (the apparent affinity)[2, 4–9]. In addition, a multivalent ligand can promote receptor clustering, which can lead to signal transduction. A multivalent ligand is composed of a scaffold or backbone to which a particular number (valency) of identical or non-identical epitopes are attached. Many protein-carbohydrate interactions, including those involved in processes such as viral entry, cell surface adhesion, and host-pathogen interactions utilize a multivalent display of epitopes for binding. Other important multivalent interactions involve protein-protein interactions, for example, those that mediate the formation of the immune synapse at the T cell-B cell junction [10].
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