Abstract
The expansion of hydroelectric dams that is planned, and under construction, in the Amazon basin is a proposal to generate “clean” energy, with the purposes of meeting the regional energy demand, and the insertion of Brazil into the international economic market. However, this type of megaproject can change the dynamics of natural ecosystems. In the present article, the spatiotemporal patterns of deforestation according to distance from the reservoir in the vicinity of the lake of Tucuruí, and within a radius of 30 km from it, are analyzed. A linear spectral mixture model of segmented Landsat-thematic mapper (TM), enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM+), and operational land imager (OLI) images, and proximity analysis were used for the mapping of the land-cover classes in the vicinity of the artificial lake of Tucuruí. Likewise, landscape metrics were determined with the purpose of quantifying the reduction of primary forest, as a mechanism of loss of ecosystem services in the region. These methods were also used for the evaluation of the influence of the distance from the reservoir on the expansion of anthropogenic activities. This methodology was used for the scenarios of pre-inauguration, completion of phase I, beginning of construction phase II, full completion of the Tucuruí hydroelectric project, and the current scenario of the region. The results showed that the highest deforestation rate occurred in the first period of the analysis, due to the areas submerged by the reservoir and due to the anthropogenic disturbances, such as timber extraction, road construction, and the conversion of forests into large areas of agribusiness.
Highlights
The Brazilian Amazon attracts continued interest in its natural resources and its energy sources
Based on the land-cover results obtained within a 30 km radius of the Lake Tucuruí for the years 1984, 1988, 1999, 2010, and 2017, roads were the primary driver inducing the spread of deforestation
The results obtained allowed us to evaluate the changes in forest cover related to the implementation of the artificial lake of the Tucuruí hydroelectric dam, and its complementary works, over time
Summary
The Brazilian Amazon attracts continued interest in its natural resources and its energy sources. One of the factors that contributed to the exploration of new sources of energy was the “blackout crisis” in 2001, which was linked to the combination of a lack of planning, and lack of investments in the generation and transmission of electrical energy, with a prolonged drought. This drastically reduced the levels of the main water reservoirs in the Southeast and Northeast regions. In the Brazilian territory, hydroelectric dams are proposed under the concept of “energy security”, with the highest hydroelectric potential in South America, and expected to supply energy and meet the growing regional demand [4,5,6]
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