Abstract
In this chapter, we generalize both static and dynamic occupancy models to more than a single state of “presence,” e.g. “ occupied without reproduction” versus “ occupied with reproduction ,” or “ single wolf present ” versus “ wolf pack present ” (and there could be many more states). This results in a class of models with huge scope of application. They correct for both imperfect detection and state mis-classification. We illustrate one typical application for population dynamics of a territorial owl without the need for individual identification. We revisit the important topic of preferential sampling, which is shown to lead to severe bias in trend estimation unless accounted for.
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