Abstract
This study focuses on the utilization of multispectral satellite images for remote water-quality evaluation of inland water body in Jordan. The geophysical parameters based on water's optical properties, due to the presence of optically active constituents, are used to determine contaminant level in water. It has a great potential to be employed for continuous and cost-effective water-quality monitoring and leads to a reliable regularly updated tool for better water sector management. Three sets of water samples were collected from three different dams in Jordan. Chl-a concentration of the water samples was measured and used with corresponding Sentinel 2 surface reflectance (SR) data to develop a predictive model. Chl-a concentrations and corresponding SR data were used to calibrate and validate different models. The predictive capability of each of the investigated models was determined in terms of determination coefficient (R2) and lowest root mean square error (RMSE) values. For the investigated sites, the B3/B2 (green/blue bands) model and the Ln (B3/B2) model showed the best overall predictive capability of all models with the highest R2 and the lowest RMSE values of (0.859, 0.824) and (30.756 mg/m3, 29.787 mg/m3), respectively. The outcome of this study on selected sites can be expanded for future work to cover more sites in the future and ultimately cover all sites in Jordan.
Highlights
Inland waters including mainly lakes, rivers, dams, and reservoirs represent extremely valued environmental components (VECs) especially in Jordan. ey play an important role in providing an appropriate habitat for species
They are considered as an essential component in hydrological, nutrient, carbon cycle, and climate regulation. ey are a major source of water for drinking and irrigation purposes. ey are used in hydroenergy production and transportation and for aesthetic uses
When considering the gross domestic product (GDP) as a representation for countries’ wealth and a factor for comparison, the kingdom occupies the second place in water scarcity in the Middle East after Yemen and the third in the global scale with Maldives as the most waterpoor country in the world [2]. e water per capita is less than one-tenth the international water poverty line of 1,000 cubic meters annually
Summary
Inland waters including mainly lakes, rivers, dams, and reservoirs represent extremely valued environmental components (VECs) especially in Jordan. ey play an important role in providing an appropriate habitat for species. Inland water shows high sensitivity and ability to reflect environmental changes such as climate change, land cover, and land use [4] Continuous monitoring of such changes and patterns effectively and efficiently is of extreme importance [5,6,7,8,9]. Erefore, the utilization of satellite remote sensing techniques, defined as a technique that estimates geophysical parameters from the electromagnetic energy reflected or emitted from the earth [10], based on water’s optical properties, due to the presence of optically active constituents, has a great potential to be employed for waterquality monitoring, especially for the case of Jordan with such a high degree of vulnerability of its water bodies. It relates water colour quantitatively to the presence of certain constituents that interacts with solar radiation and change the energy spectrum of reflected radiation from water bodies. ese constituents are referred to as optical water-quality parameters (WQP). ree different approaches can be used in remote sensing measurements to estimate water constituents’ concentrations [11]. ese approaches are the empirical method based on statistical analysis of the relation between measured spectral values and measured water parameters and the semiempirical method where the spectral features of the measured water parameters are integrated with the statistical analysis as described previously. e third type is the analytical method where the inherent optical properties (such as absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, and volume scattering function) and apparent optical properties (such as irradiance reflectance and diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance) are used to model the relationships between the water-quality parameter (WQP), underwater light field, and the remotely sensed radiance
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