Abstract
The fight against unmanned vehicles is nothing new; however, especially with the arrival of new technologies that are easily accessible for the wider population, new problems are arising. The deployment of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by paramilitary organizations during conflicts around the world has become a reality, non-lethal “paparazzi” actions have become a common practice, and it is only a matter of time until the population faces lethal attacks. The basic prerequisite for direct defense against attacking UAVs is their detection. The authors of this paper analysed the possibility of detecting flying aircraft in several different electro-magnetic spectrum bands. Firstly, methods based on calculations and simulations were chosen, and experiments in laboratories and measurements of the exterior were subsequently performed. As a result, values of the radar cross section (RCS), the noise level, the surface temperature, and optical as well as acoustic traces of tested devices were quantified. The outputs obtained from calculated, simulated, and experimentally detected values were found via UAV detection distances using specific sensors working in corresponding parts of the frequency spectrum.
Highlights
Technological development connected with unmanned systems (unmanned aerial systems (UASs), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or “drones”) has seen a significant boom in the last ten years
Apart from technical detection methods, this study focused on testing the ability to detect a UAS using basic human senses, i.e., eyes and ears
UAVmeter without tripod was possible at a distance up to 10×80 air defenseusage military binoculars: With a known location, it was possible to detect the
Summary
Technological development connected with unmanned systems (unmanned aerial systems (UASs), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or “drones”) has seen a significant boom in the last ten years. The producers of commercial drones compete for potential customers, and they are constantly innovating and improving their products. These innovations continuously improve flight parameters such as flying range, speed, load capacity, and autonomous activity algorithms or artificial intelligence capable of transporting the drone through a number of obstacles [1]. The aim of this article is to inform researchers about the results of a study that examined the detectability of commercially available drones. The authors of the study want to contribute to a greater awareness of drone misuse and offer defense options. The results and conclusions of the study are intended for researchers who are looking for specific defensive and protective solutions against drones
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