Multi-site dual surface monophasic action potential mapping of atrial repolarization in vivo: Is atrial repolarization a two- or three-dimensional process?

Abstract

Although the atrial free wall is a thin structure, atrial depolarization has been shown to have aspects of three-dimensionality. This study asks whether the same is true for atrial repolarization. By using a multi-element dual-surface probe, monophasic action potentials (MAPs) were recorded simultaneously at several opposing sites on the right atrial endocardial and epicardial surfaces in six open-chest pigs. The times of depolarization and repolarization were marked in recordings during sinus, paced rhythms, and during infusions of cold saline to the epicardial surface, which generated a temperature gradient across the atrial wall. Repolarization times were similar on endocardial and epicardial surfaces in some cites, but others showed significant differences during sinus and paced rhythms. Cold saline infusion produced a significant lengthening of MAP duration, and this was more pronouced on the atrial endocardial sites than on the epicardial sites. The observed differences in endocardial and epicardial repolarization times may be due to the presence of atrial pectinate muscles on the endocardial surface. These results suggest that in some regions atrial repolarization is a three-dimensional process. Possible limitations of this study include the fact that the depth of view of MAPs recorded from the atrial wall may extend to the opposing surface.